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Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    High accuracy in medical classification tasks does not ensure that neural networks reason in ways consistent with clinical or neurobiological understanding. This study examines whether a Transformer-based model trained on resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) infers cognitive impairment through physiologically meaningful mechanisms.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    A lightweight Transformer was trained on resting-state EEG to detect mild cognitive impairment. The model\u2019s probabilistic outputs were interpreted as continuous cognitive risk scores. Knowledge distillation and spatial perturbation analyses were performed to identify the electrophysiological features and cortical regions underlying the model\u2019s predictions.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The model achieved an average accuracy of 75.4% in five-fold cross-validation, and generalized to Alzheimer\u2019s disease cohorts and an external clinical center. The derived risk scores correlated with Montreal Cognitive Assessment subdomains, particularly memory, language and orientation. Key drivers included increased autocorrelation, reduced Lempel\u2013Ziv complexity and changes in power spectral density. Perturbation analyses highlighted strong contributions from the insular cortex and the transverse temporal regions.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The model\u2019s decision process reflects physiologically and anatomically interpretable patterns consistent with clinical reasoning, supporting EEG-based modeling as an objective tool for quantifying cognitive function.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae7695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T22:59:26Z","timestamp":1780441166000},"page":"046003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating the biological meaning of neural network decisions in EEG-based MCI detection"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2485-5281","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Junjie","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern University of Science and Technology"},{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxiao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zian","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Huanhu Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Huanhu Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Huanhu Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuying","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Huanhu Hospital"},{"name":"Tianjin Medical University"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases"},{"name":"Tianjin Neurosurgery Institute"},{"name":"Tianjin Dementia Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoguang","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Huanhu Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2501-7656","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Quanying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Health Network"},{"name":"University of Toronto"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2614-6118","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology"},{"name":"Shenzhen Bay Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneae7695bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.17.2.271","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Individual variation for cognitive decline: quantitative methods for describing patterns of change","volume":"17","author":"Reynolds","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. 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