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Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Fluid intelligence is a core component of higher-order cognition, yet whether high-definition high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation (HD\/HF-tRNS) can enhance demanding reasoning performance and modulate its neural correlates remains unclear.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We investigated the after-effects of offline HD\/HF-tRNS targeting the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). In a double-blind, sham-controlled, between-groups design, 26 healthy adults completed Raven\u2019s progressive matrices (RPM) before and after receiving active or sham stimulation. Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded during task and resting-state sessions. Behavioral outcomes were accuracy and reaction time; neurophysiological outcomes were high-gamma mean spatial phase synchronization and the aperiodic exponent of neural power spectra.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Active HD\/HF-tRNS did not significantly alter accuracy but selectively reduced reaction time on the most difficult RPM items. During hard-level trials, reaction time decreased after active stimulation but not after sham stimulation, and post-stimulation reaction time was lower in the active group than in the sham group. High-gamma spatial phase synchronization increased after active stimulation, and the aperiodic exponent decreased during medium- and hard-level trials, with effects predominantly over the right hemisphere. No significant stimulation-related changes were observed during resting state.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Offline HD\/HF-tRNS over the right DLPFC facilitated response speed during demanding fluid-intelligence performance and induced task-dependent changes in EEG-derived correlates of cortical excitability. These findings support HD\/HF-tRNS as a focal neuromodulatory approach for probing neural processes engaged during demanding reasoning.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae7d58","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T22:50:44Z","timestamp":1781563844000},"page":"046002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-definition transcranial random noise stimulation enhances fluid intelligence with increasing cortical excitability"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8250-4071","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tianyi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1627-0011","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yunshan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1309-2331","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Masato","family":"Sugino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1156-260X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kenta","family":"Shimba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6005-5043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuhiko","family":"Jimbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyoshi","family":"Kotani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tokyo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneae7d58bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691616650647","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Working memory capacity and fluid intelligence: Maintenance and disengagement","volume":"11","author":"Shipstead","year":"2016","journal-title":"Perspect. 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