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Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Modern neuroelectronic interfaces have shown great potential to diagnose conditions, address neurological dysfunction, and advance neuroscientific knowledge. However, neural interface systems today require tethered connections that restrict mobility, prevent testing across ecological contexts, and inhibit clinical translation to at-home use. Fully implantable commercial systems have previously been developed, but exhibit significant constraints, including limited modularity, low bandwidth, or unidirectional communication. We aimed to close this gap by developing a neuroelectronic interface that can be deployed flexibly with a variety of third-party neural probes.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We have developed the modular bionic interface (MBI), a system composed of a fully implantable device and a worn unit for high-bandwidth, bidirectional interfacing with the nervous system. The MBI can record high fidelity electrophysiological signals and deliver spatiotemporally modulated electrical stimulation for clinical and research purposes through flexible interaction with third party implantable devices.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We performed benchtop evaluation to validate the recording and stimulation capabilities of the MBI across a diverse range of inputs and outputs. We then evaluated the MBI system\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    through chronic implantation within a sheep, where results were stable for the length of evaluation, over six months. While connected to an actively powered, third-party high-resolution spinal cord stimulation electrode array, the MBI system was able to deliver stimulation to evoke lower extremity motor responses and record spinal compound action potentials evoked by peripheral nerve and spinal stimulation.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We demonstrate a fully implantable system with a small footprint capable of high-resolution, bi-directional communication with the nervous system via modular connections to third-party devices. We expect that modular devices will further our ability to treat complex neurological disease and injury.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae7f52","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T22:51:43Z","timestamp":1781823103000},"page":"046020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A modular, high-bandwidth, bidirectional implantable device for neural interrogation"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4630-1664","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Radu","family":"Darie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9552-3354","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samuel R","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7197-9082","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan S","family":"Calvert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6361-1626","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ekta","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naser","family":"Abdelrahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modular Bionics, Inc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohail","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2243-7954","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elias","family":"Shaaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7054-5743","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jared S","family":"Fridley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark W","family":"Merlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modular Bionics, Inc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6076-5245","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ian","family":"Halpern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modular Bionics, Inc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0710-3005","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David A","family":"Borton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University"},{"name":"Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital"},{"name":"Brown University"},{"name":"Providence VA Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneae7f52bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-0390-3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electronic neural interfaces","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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