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Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Loss of hand function following spinal cord injury (SCI) severely impacts independence and quality of life. Restoring volitional hand control in individuals with SCI remains a critical challenge, addressed using different approaches, including physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and assistive technologies such as neuroprostheses and robotic systems. This study aimed to develop and evaluate an easy-to-setup and user-friendly electromyography (EMG) system for decoding attempted hand and finger movements in individuals with SCI.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We implemented an EMG decoding system for hand opening\/closing (2 classes) and single-finger flexion (3 classes) attempts, using a fast-donning 32-channel dry EMG sleeve integrated with a seamless deep learning-based decoding pipeline. Eight people with different classifications of SCI tested the system over two sessions while receiving real-time feedback through a virtual hand interface.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The system achieved high online accuracy for hand open\u2013close discrimination across all subjects (mean 92.5%), and an accuracy that was consistently above chance for single-finger flexion classification (mean 74.2%), with a greater error observed for more nuanced movements in participants with higher motor impairment. Performance plateaued quickly over time, indicating that user learning did not play a relevant role within the limited number of sessions performed.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    These findings demonstrate that our system allows good online decoding of different hand and finger movements in people with SCI. The approach supports pathways toward intuitive, digit-level control of neuroprostheses and robotic devices, with strong potential for clinical translation due to its quick setup and ease of use.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae90ec","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T22:52:29Z","timestamp":1785192749000},"page":"046045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Easy-to-use EMG system to decode hand movements in people with spinal cord injury"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8062-4689","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matteo","family":"Ceradini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6234-375X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elena","family":"Losanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna"},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Vita-Salute San Raffaele"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9933-8671","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Firman Isma","family":"Serdana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0442-6469","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vincent","family":"Mendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2251-7142","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Solaiman","family":"Shokur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna"},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Vita-Salute San Raffaele"},{"name":"Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6655-9518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Righi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Careggi University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1202-6078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Del Popolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Careggi University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4396-8217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvestro","family":"Micera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna"},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 Vita-Salute San Raffaele"},{"name":"Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneae90ecbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101638","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Survey of the needs of patients with spinal cord injury: impact and priority for improvement in hand function in tetraplegics","volume":"42","author":"Snoek","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"jneae90ecbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061820","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury: assessment and rehabilitation","volume":"13","author":"Cardile","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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