{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T10:12:39Z","timestamp":1788516759339,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Higher Education Sprout Project of Ministry of Education (MOE), Taiwan","award":["114W030305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114W030305"]}]},{"name":"Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-Devices"},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan","award":["NSTC 114-2321-B-A49-016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114-2321-B-A49-016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Sleep onset (SO) marks the transition from wakefulness to a restorative state of sleep in the human brain. Recent studies suggest that the sleep onset process (SOP) is a back-and-forth progression that occurs before the brain reaches Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Stage 2 (NREM2) and that its duration is highly variable. Very short sleep onset latencies may increase the risk of accidents, while long SO may indicate poor sleep quality and insomnia.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    In this study, we investigated electroencephalography power dynamics before the first NREM2 sleep epoch to identify potential predictors of SO ending and factors that differentiate fast from slow sleepers. The study took a dual-dataset approach, where the main dataset with 18 adults were used to extract potential markers, while a secondary dataset derived from publicly available data to verify the pattern.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We found that both groups exhibited an initial rise followed by a decline in alpha rhythms, resembling an inverted-\n                    <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                    curve, in central and occipital regions. Compared to slow sleepers, fast sleepers showed a narrower, steeper alpha-power curve and an earlier rise in theta power. When examining the alpha\u2013theta ratio, we found that, while slow sleepers followed an inverted\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013shaped progression in central and occipital regions, fast sleepers\u2019 ratio decreased monotonically toward NREM2. Finally, we combined the alpha\u2013theta ratio and the temporal rate of decline in the ratio to predict NREM2 onset using supervised learning. A fuzzy C-means (FCM) classifier achieved the highest accuracy (0.65).\n                    <jats:italic>Significance<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These findings indicate that neurodynamics during SOP are directly related to its duration. The alpha\u2013theta ratio in central and occipital channels, together with its rate of decline, provides a compact and physiologically interpretable predictor of NREM2 onset. This predictive capability supports applications in both occupational safety and sleep health by enabling early detection of unintended SO and allowing individuals to adopt proactive interventions when a prolonged SOP is anticipated.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae9226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T22:51:39Z","timestamp":1785365499000},"page":"056008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pre\u2010sleep central\u2013occipital alpha\u2013theta dynamics predict NREM2 onset in adult"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5116-0416","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cheng-Hua","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2529-3391","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Li-Wei","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrical and Control Engineering National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University"},{"name":"Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center Kaohsiung Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzyy-Ping","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego"},{"name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shey-Cherng","family":"Tzou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Chi","family":"Juang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung-Yao","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneae9226bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbscr.2018.11.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Brain dynamics during the sleep onset transition: An EEG source localization study","volume":"6","author":"Fernandez Guerrero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Sleep Circadian Rhythms"},{"key":"jneae9226bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsz096","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz096","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Oscillatory patterns in the electroencephalogram at sleep onset","volume":"42","author":"Achermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"jneae9226bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5456","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23736","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cortical connectivity modulation during sleep onset: A study via graph theory on EEG data","volume":"38","author":"Vecchio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"jneae9226bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-022-00923-y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"EEG microstate dynamics associated with dream-like experiences during the transition to sleep","volume":"37","author":"Diezig","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"jneae9226bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.11.032","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Sleep state switching","volume":"68","author":"Saper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"jneae9226bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2018.08.002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Sleep-wake control and the thalamus","volume":"52","author":"Gent","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"jneae9226bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-018-0689-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transient topographical dynamics of the electroencephalogram predict brain connectivity and behavioural responsiveness during drowsiness","volume":"32","author":"Comsa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"jneae9226bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059414536713","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Three-dimensional electroencephalographic changes on low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) during the sleep onset period","volume":"46","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin EEG Neurosci"},{"key":"jneae9226bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10322","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Association between a low-carbohydrate diet and sleep status, depression, anxiety, and stress score","volume":"100","author":"Daneshzad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"jneae9226bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsx163","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsx163","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Circadian phase and phase angle disorders in primary insomnia","volume":"40","author":"Flynn-evans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"jneae9226bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(00)00251-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects of a 25-h sleep deprivation on daytime sleep in the middle-aged","volume":"22","author":"Gaudreau","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"jneae9226bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2020.110401","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Habitual sleep duration affects recovery from acute sleep deprivation: a modeling study","volume":"504","author":"Piltz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"jneae9226bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.40.3.02","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tobacco smoke exposure and sleep: estimating the association of urinary cotinine with sleep quality","volume":"40","author":"Zandy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Promot. Chronic Dis. Prev. Can."},{"key":"jneae9226bib14","first-page":"573","type":"book","article-title":"Key differences in pediatric versus adult sleep","author":"Zolovska","year":"2013"},{"key":"jneae9226bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9914","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249914","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fast sleep stage classification using cascaded support vector machines with single-channel EEG signals","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"jneae9226bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9122265","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Hybrid sleep stage classification for clinical practices across different polysomnography systems using frontal EEG","volume":"9","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"jneae9226bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2021.3076234","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An attention-based deep learning approach for sleep stage classification with single-channel EEG","volume":"29","author":"Eldele","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"jneae9226bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.01.031","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Sleep EEG characteristics associated with sleep onset misperception","volume":"57","author":"Hermans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"jneae9226bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleepx.2020.100014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Sleep onset (mis)perception in relation to sleep fragmentation, time estimation and pre-sleep arousal","volume":"2","author":"Hermans","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med. X"},{"key":"jneae9226bib20","first-page":"237","type":"book","article-title":"Topographical EEG changes and the hypnagogic experience","author":"Hori","year":"1994"},{"key":"jneae9226bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Predicting the loss of responsiveness when falling asleep in humans","volume":"251","author":"Strauss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"jneae9226bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00312","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The spatiotemporal pattern of the human electroencephalogram at sleep onset after a period of prolonged wakefulness","volume":"13","author":"Gorgoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneae9226bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12380","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Beta EEG reflects sensory processing in active wakefulness and homeostatic sleep drive in quiet wakefulness","volume":"25","author":"Gr\u00f8nli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"jneae9226bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.4.459","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with deficits in neuropsychological performance: A general population study","volume":"33","author":"Fernandez-Mendoza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"jneae9226bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5746","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Insomnia is associated with cortical hyperarousal as early as adolescence","volume":"39","author":"Fernandez-Mendoza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"jneae9226bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1045934","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Elevated beta activity in the nighttime sleep and multiple sleep latency electroencephalograms of chronic insomnia patients","volume":"16","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneae9226bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3446","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208786549326","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG) in Insomnia: A new window on pathophysiological mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Marzano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"jneae9226bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2013.10.012","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Sleep misperception, EEG characteristics and autonomic nervous system activity in primary insomnia: a retrospective study on polysomnographic data","volume":"91","author":"Maes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"jneae9226bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14010097","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Neurophysiological parameters influencing sleep\u2013wake discrepancy in insomnia disorder: a preliminary analysis on alpha rhythm during sleep onset","volume":"14","author":"Berra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"jneae9226bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120782","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Decreased delta\/beta ratio index as the sleep state-independent electrophysiological signature of sleep state misperception in Insomnia disorder: a focus on the sleep onset and the whole night","volume":"298","author":"Fasiello","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"jneae9226bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2024.3394471","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Extracting stress-related EEG patterns from pre-sleep EEG for forecasting slow-wave sleep deficiency","volume":"32","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"jneae9226bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2023.06.019","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Normal multiple sleep latency test values in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"Iskander","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"jneae9226bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256111","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Inter-database validation of a deep learning approach for automatic sleep scoring","volume":"16","author":"Alvarez-estevez","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"jneae9226bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/TAU.1967.1161901","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms","volume":"15","author":"Welch","year":"1967","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Audio Electroacoust."},{"key":"jneae9226bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"A numPy-compatible library for NVIDIA GPU calculations","author":"Okuta","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101370","type":"other"},{"key":"jneae9226bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013699998","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The control of the false discovery rate in multiple testing under dependency","volume":"29","author":"Benjamini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Stat."},{"key":"jneae9226bib37","first-page":"2825","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Scikit-learn: Machine learning in python","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"jneae9226bib38","article-title":"YuqiCui\/PyTSK","author":"YuqiCui","year":"2025","type":"other"},{"key":"jneae9226bib39","author":"McNamara","year":"2025","type":"book"},{"key":"jneae9226bib40","first-page":"68","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Sleep medicine: insomnia and sleep","volume":"116","author":"Bollu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mo. Med."},{"key":"jneae9226bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14122","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Subjective sleep onset latency is influenced by sleep structure and body heat loss in human subjects","volume":"33","author":"Iijima","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"jneae9226bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2013.05.021","type":"journal-article","article-title":"How we fall asleep: regional and temporal differences in electroencephalographic synchronization at sleep onset","volume":"14","author":"Marzano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"jneae9226bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11101261","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The regional EEG pattern of the sleep onset process in older adults","volume":"11","author":"Gorgoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"jneae9226bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.05.037","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spatiotemporal EEG dynamics of the sleep onset process in preadolescence","volume":"119","author":"Annarumma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"jneae9226bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1379","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The effects of different fatigue levels on brain\u2013behavior relationships in driving","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"jneae9226bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsac162","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac162","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Homeostatic response to sleep deprivation and circadian rhythmicity are intact in older adults with insomnia","volume":"45","author":"Tracy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"jneae9226bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/tim.2025.3623767","type":"journal-article","article-title":"ASTGSleep: Attention-based spatial\u2013temporal graph network for sleep staging","volume":"74","author":"Chassagnol","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"jneae9226bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8743","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2025.3606944","type":"journal-article","article-title":"MtRBD: Advancing iRBD analysis with multi-task learning for joint sleep staging and RSWA detection","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"jneae9226bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8085","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2024.3438835","type":"journal-article","article-title":"SAGN: sparse adaptive gated graph neural network with graph regularization for identifying dual-view brain networks","volume":"36","author":"Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst."},{"key":"jneae9226bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25325","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Alpha anteriorization and theta posteriorization during deep sleep","volume":"102","author":"Cui","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"jneae9226bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5632","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Regional patterns of elevated alpha and high-frequency electroencephalographic activity during nonrapid eye mov-ement sleep in chronic insomnia: pilot study","volume":"39","author":"Riedner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"jneae9226bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80171-x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A pilot study on essential oil aroma stimulation for enh-ancing slow-wave EEG in sleeping brain","volume":"11","author":"Ko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"jneae9226bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.755958","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Boosting recovery during sleep by means of auditory stimulation","volume":"16","author":"Krugliakova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneae9226bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2020.101385","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Noise as a sleep aid: a systematic review","volume":"55","author":"Riedy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neural Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae9226","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae9226\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae9226","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae9226\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae9226\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae9226\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae9226\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae9226\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T09:21:32Z","timestamp":1788513692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae9226"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae9226","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-2560","1741-2552"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-2560","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2552","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Pre\u2010sleep central\u2013occipital alpha\u2013theta dynamics predict NREM2 onset in adult","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Neural Engineering","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-03-06","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-07-29","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-09-04","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}