{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T07:32:54Z","timestamp":1786519974323,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FDN-143290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDN-143290"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Canadian Foundation for Innovation","award":["IF 36073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF 36073"]}]},{"name":"Campus Alberta Innovation Program Chair"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019713","name":"Branch Out Neurological Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Cumming Medical Research Fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008459","name":"University of Calgary","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:italic>\n . We present and validate an integrated workflow for accurate and stable targeting of a TUS transducer inside the MRI scanner using subject-specific imaging, neuronavigation, acoustic-thermal modeling, transducer positioning and fixation, and in-scanner verification.\n Approach<\/jats:italic>\n . A stimulation target was defined in the left primary motor cortex (M1) hand knob using structural imaging and task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) collected during a planning session, then transferred to neuronavigation for trajectory planning and scalp marking. Acoustic and thermal simulations characterized the acoustic beam geometry and adjusted ultrasound power to achieve the desired acoustic field at the target within safety constraints. During the experiment scanning session, low-resolution\n T<\/jats:italic>\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n -weighted localizer images visualized transducer fiducials and the planned target directly on the scanner console, enabling iterative in-bore refinement.\n Main results<\/jats:italic>\n . Coupled with a custom MRI-compatible transducer fixation cap enabling controlled multi-axis adjustments, this workflow achieved a mean post-refinement off-target distance of 1.4\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n 1.0 mm across five participants over 19 sessions, falling within one fMRI voxel (2.5 mm) of the planned target in 17 of 19 sessions (89%). Repeat transducer position verification approximately 40 min after initial setup showed minimal positional drift (0.2 mm). In an expanded cohort of 12 participants with balanced sex distribution (six males, six females), mean post-adjustment off-target distance was 2.18\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n 0.78 mm in males and 1.93\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n 0.69 mm in females, with comparable performance between sexes (Mann-Whitney U = 22; descriptive), and an overall success rate of nine of 12 sessions (75%). fMRI tSNR in M1 was preserved with the passive transducer (left-to-right M1 ratio 0.90\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n 0.12) and during active sonication (0.90\n \n \n \n <\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \u00b1<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n 0.09) across the same 12 participants, indicating that the 20 mm coupling gel pad effectively mitigated susceptibility-related signal dropout and that active sonication introduced no additional signal degradation.\n Significance<\/jats:italic>\n . This workflow provides a practical experimental foundation for in-scanner targeting and verification for simultaneous human TUS-fMRI studies, with MRI signal quality preserved during active sonication and consistent targeting performance across male and female participants.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae9347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T22:52:12Z","timestamp":1785538332000},"page":"046050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated neuronavigation and acoustic-thermal modeling for simultaneous transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) and functional MRI"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3554-2988","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Moon","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary"},{"name":"University of Calgary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6052-9892","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ali K","family":"Zadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary"},{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary"},{"name":"University of Calgary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9758-4576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Coreas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary"},{"name":"University of Calgary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1407-2511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fady","family":"Girgis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary"},{"name":"University of Calgary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7919-8587","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samuel","family":"Pichardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary"},{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary"},{"name":"University of Calgary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8924-683X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G Bruce","family":"Pike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary"},{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary"},{"name":"University of Calgary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneae9347bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2025.01.004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A practical guide to transcranial ultrasonic stimulation from the IFCN-endorsed ITRUSST consortium","volume":"171","author":"Murphy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneae9347bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.06.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A systematic review of preclinical and clinical transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation and opportunities for functional connectomics","volume":"17","author":"Pellow","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneae9347bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.872639","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Current state of potential mechanisms supporting low intensity focused ultrasound for neuromodulation","volume":"16","author":"Dell\u2019italia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneae9347bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2022.04.022","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain: what is stimulated?\u2014a consensus and critical position paper","volume":"140","author":"Siebner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneae9347bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5092","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07233-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Immediate neurophysiological effects of transcranial electrical stimulation","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"jneae9347bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.02.018","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Modulatory mechanisms underlying high-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation (hf-tRNS): a combined stochastic resonance and equivalent noise approach","volume":"12","author":"Pavan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneae9347bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00281.2015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation","volume":"115","author":"Herrington","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneae9347bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85504-y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Real time and delayed effects of subcortical low intensity focused ultrasound","volume":"11","author":"Cain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"jneae9347bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2023.1120410","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transcranial focused ultrasound selectively increases perfusion and modulates functional connectivity of deep brain regions in humans","volume":"17","author":"Kuhn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"jneae9347bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8024","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63020-1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ultrasound system for precise neuromodulation of human deep brain circuits","volume":"16","author":"Martin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"jneae9347bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40998-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transcranial focused ultrasound-mediated neurochemical and functional connectivity changes in deep cortical regions in humans","volume":"14","author":"Yaakub","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"jneae9347bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.04.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The effect of transcranial ultrasound pulse repetition frequency on sustained inhibition in the human primary motor cortex: a double-blind, sham-controlled study","volume":"17","author":"Zadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneae9347bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.54497","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Systematic examination of low-intensity ultrasound parameters on human motor cortex excitability and behavior","volume":"9","author":"Fomenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"jneae9347bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3809","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133809","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Neuromodulation using transcranial focused ultrasound on the bilateral medial prefrontal cortex","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"jneae9347bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4497","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-025-03033-w","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound amygdala neuromodulation: a double-blind sham-controlled target engagement study and unblinded single-arm clinical trial","volume":"30","author":"Barksdale","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"jneae9347bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.10.007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Sonication of the anterior thalamus with MRI-guided transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) alters pain thresholds in healthy adults: a double-blind, sham-controlled study","volume":"13","author":"Badran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneae9347bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7993","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26287-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Neuromodulation of sensory networks in monkey brain by focused ultrasound with MRI guidance and detection","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"jneae9347bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.01.006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Bidirectional and state-dependent modulation of brain activity by transcranial focused ultrasound in non-human primates","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneae9347bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1109\/58.764862","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Trans-skull ultrasound therapy: the feasibility of using image-derived skull thickness information to correct the phase distortion","volume":"46","author":"Hynynen","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelect. Freq. Control"},{"key":"jneae9347bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.3.JNS142592","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Factors associated with successful magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound treatment: efficiency of acoustic energy delivery through the skull","volume":"124","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"JNS"},{"key":"jneae9347bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2896","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2022.3198522","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Classical and learned MR to pseudo-CT mappings for accurate transcranial ultrasound simulation","volume":"69","author":"Miscouridou","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelect. Freq. Control"},{"key":"jneae9347bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10308","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Reduction of eddy\u2010current\u2010induced distortion in diffusion MRI using a twice\u2010refocused spin echo","volume":"49","author":"Reese","year":"2003","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"jneae9347bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10310","type":"journal-article","article-title":"RF heating due to conductive wires during MRI depends on the phase distribution of the transmit field","volume":"48","author":"Yeung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"jneae9347bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1118\/1.597854","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The role of magnetic susceptibility in magnetic resonance imaging: MRI magnetic compatibility of the first and second kinds","volume":"23","author":"Schenck","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"jneae9347bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2020.3006781","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Design, development, and operation of a low-intensity focused ultrasound pulsation (LIFUP) system for clinical use","volume":"68","author":"Schafer","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr"},{"key":"jneae9347bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2023.3274046","type":"journal-article","article-title":"BabelBrain: An open-source application for prospective modeling of transcranial focused ultrasound for neuromodulation applications","volume":"70","author":"Pichardo","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelect. Freq. Control"},{"key":"jneae9347bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0235-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"fMRIPrep: a robust preprocessing pipeline for functional MRI","volume":"16","author":"Esteban","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"jneae9347bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"FSL","volume":"62","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"jneae9347bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2007.06.004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Symmetric diffeomorphic image registration with cross-correlation: Evaluating automated labeling of elderly and neurodegenerative brain","volume":"12","author":"Avants","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"jneae9347bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.07.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"ITRUSST consensus on biophysical safety for transcranial ultrasound stimulation","volume":"Vol 18","author":"Aubry","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneae9347bib31","author":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","year":"2019","type":"book"},{"key":"jneae9347bib32","author":"Health Canada","year":"2001","type":"book"},{"key":"jneae9347bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.12786\/bn.2021.14.e4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Safety review and perspectives of transcranial focused ultrasound brain stimulation","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Neurorehabil"},{"key":"jneae9347bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/66972","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pipeline for planning and execution of transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation experiments in humans","volume":"208","author":"Fairbanks","year":"2024","journal-title":"JoVE"},{"key":"jneae9347bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3748","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2956712","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging: magnetic resonance acoustic radiation force imaging","volume":"35","author":"McDannold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"jneae9347bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30539","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Optimization of MR acoustic radiation force imaging (MR-ARFI) for human transcranial focused ultrasound","volume":"94","author":"Mohammadjavadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"jneae9347bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.70066","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Alternating-contrast single-shot spiral MR-ARFI with model-based displacement map reconstruction","volume":"95","author":"Sengupta","year":"2026","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neural Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae9347","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae9347\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae9347","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae9347\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae9347\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae9347\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae9347\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae9347\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T07:19:41Z","timestamp":1786519181000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae9347"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae9347","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-2560","1741-2552"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-2560","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2552","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Integrated neuronavigation and acoustic-thermal modeling for simultaneous transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) and functional MRI","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Neural Engineering","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-05-01","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-07-31","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-08-12","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}