{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T07:23:31Z","timestamp":1787729011141,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001695","name":"Japan Science and Technology Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JPMJMS2012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJMS2012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001695","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Electrical stimulation and neural recording underpin neural prostheses for restoring function and treating neurological disorders, but clinical adoption is limited by the invasiveness of implantation. The Endovascular Neural Interface offers an alternative by accessing intracranial targets through the cerebral vasculature. This work presents the first strength-duration characterization of cortical evoked potentials, elicited by endovascular stimulation, adjacent to the cerebellum.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    A polymer-based stent-electrode array was deployed into the left transverse sinus of an ovine model. Biphasic current pulses targeting the cerebellum were delivered via the stent electrodes. Cortical responses were recorded using a subdural electrocorticography grid.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Endovascular stimulation consistently evoked time-locked cortical potentials with early and late components at approximately 40 ms and 100 ms post-stimulation. Electrode functionality and stability were confirmed through impedance monitoring throughout the experiments. Strength-duration analysis revealed rheobase and chronaxie values, providing a quantitative basis for parameter selection and comparison with established intracranial stimulation modalities.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    These results demonstrate that endovascular electrodes may access non-superficial brain structures and evoke reproducible cortical responses without open neurosurgery. This work helps establish a foundational framework for endovascular neuromodulation and supports further investigation of its potential for future closed-loop and network-level neuromodulation research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae998c","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T22:51:13Z","timestamp":1786661473000},"page":"046062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Endovascular neuromodulation: feasibility of endovascular stimulation near the cerebellum"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0686-4948","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Weijie","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3417-7720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel","family":"Villalobos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne"},{"name":"Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3329-9796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vagus Nerve Stimulation Centre of Excellence, Bionics Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huakun","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2001-9054","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin J","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sepehr","family":"Kazemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2876-2077","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stella","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1676-2758","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joseph","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5497-7234","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David B","family":"Grayden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne"},{"name":"Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3780-2210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam E","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne"},{"name":"Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"jneae998cbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nwab206","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwab206","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Brain\u2013machine\u2013brain interfaces as the foundation for the next generation of neuroprostheses","volume":"9","author":"Nicolelis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Natl Sci. Rev."},{"key":"jneae998cbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2017.09.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Recent advances in neural electrode\u2013tissue interfaces","volume":"4","author":"Woeppel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"jneae998cbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.01.018","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Optimizations and nuances in neurosurgical technique for the minimization of complications in subdural electrode placement for epilepsy surgery","volume":"84","author":"Falowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"jneae998cbib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1159\/000107358","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Subdural electrode-associated complications: a 20-year experience","volume":"85","author":"Fountas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg."},{"key":"jneae998cbib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014528","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of a penetrating brain injury caused by a welding electrode: a case report","volume":"98","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"jneae998cbib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.4.FOCUS20186","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A systematic review of endovascular stent-electrode arrays, a minimally invasive approach to brain-machine interfaces","volume":"49","author":"Soldozy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"jneae998cbib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.4847","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Assessment of safety of a fully implanted endovascular brain-computer interface for severe paralysis in 4 patients","volume":"80","author":"Mitchell","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"jneae998cbib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/neurintsurg-2020-016862","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Motor neuroprosthesis implanted with neurointerventional surgery improves capacity for activities of daily living tasks in severe paralysis: first in-human experience","volume":"13","author":"Oxley","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. NeuroInterv. Surg."},{"key":"jneae998cbib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105899","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cerebellar deep brain stimulation for movement disorders","volume":"175","author":"Tai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"jneae998cbib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.3639","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of cerebellar stimulation on gait and balance recovery in patients with hemiparetic stroke: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"76","author":"Koch","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"jneae998cbib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.06.004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of cerebellum stimulation on cognitive recovery in patients with Alzheimer disease: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"jneae998cbib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1159\/000526072","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cerebellar cortex stimulation for acquired dystonia: a case report and review of its role in modern surgical practice","volume":"100","author":"Stroud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg."},{"key":"jneae998cbib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.635453","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Intraoperative brain mapping by cortico-cortical evoked potential","volume":"15","author":"Yamao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneae998cbib14","article-title":"Wireless endovascular device","author":"Tai","type":"other"},{"key":"jneae998cbib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.3390\/mi14040722","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electrochemistry in a two- or three-electrode configuration to understand monopolar or bipolar configurations of platinum bionic implants","volume":"14","author":"Harris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"jneae998cbib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3428","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Minimally invasive endovascular stent-electrode array for high-fidelity, chronic recordings of cortical neural activity","volume":"34","author":"Oxley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"jneae998cbib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.11.JNS161754","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An ovine model of cerebral catheter venography for implantation of an endovascular neural interface","volume":"128","author":"Oxley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"jneae998cbib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3088","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2018.8512971","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"Cortical brain stimulation with endovascular electrodes","author":"Gerboni","year":"2018"},{"key":"jneae998cbib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.02.018","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Focal activation of the feline retina via a suprachoroidal electrode array","volume":"49","author":"Wong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"jneae998cbib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-93941-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Endovascular neural stimulation with platinum and platinum black modified electrodes","volume":"15","author":"Harris","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"jneae998cbib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl257","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Functional connectivity in human cortical motor system: a cortico-cortical evoked potential study","volume":"130","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"jneae998cbib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.09.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Intraoperative direct cortical stimulation motor evoked potentials: stimulus parameter recommendations based on rheobase and chronaxie","volume":"128","author":"Abalkhail","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"jneae998cbib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112824","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation","volume":"29","author":"Perlmutter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneae998cbib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.168","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Short pulse width widens the therapeutic window of subthalamic neurostimulation","volume":"2","author":"Reich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"jneae998cbib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws186","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mapping motor representations in the human cerebellum","volume":"136","author":"Mottolese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"jneae998cbib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410370603","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Magnetic stimulation over the cerebellum in humans","volume":"37","author":"Ugawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"jneae998cbib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.059808","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Exploring the connectivity between the cerebellum and motor cortex in humans","volume":"557","author":"Daskalakis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"jneae998cbib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs016","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cerebellar processing of sensory inputs primes motor cortex plasticity","volume":"23","author":"Popa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"jneae998cbib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125547","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Descending pathways in motor control","volume":"31","author":"Lemon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneae998cbib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aaf66b","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Chronic intracochlear electrical stimulation at high charge densities results in platinum dissolution but not neural loss or functional changes in vivo","volume":"16","author":"Shepherd","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jneae998cbib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/2\/021001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tissue damage thresholds during therapeutic electrical stimulation","volume":"13","author":"Cogan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jneae998cbib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac051","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Optimization of closed-loop electrical stimulation enables robust cerebellar-directed seizure control","volume":"146","author":"Stieve","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"jneae998cbib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/14734220500277007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The effects of cerebellar stimulation on the motor cortical excitability in neurological disorders: a review","volume":"4","author":"Iwata","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"jneae998cbib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2015.10.002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Controlling cerebellar output to treat refractory epilepsy","volume":"38","author":"Kros","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"jneae998cbib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2015.2498973","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Seizure suppression efficacy of closed-loop versus open-loop deep brain stimulation in a rodent model of epilepsy","volume":"24","author":"Salam","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"jneae998cbib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E13","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.5.FOCUS18164","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the cerebellum for poststroke motor rehabilitation: from laboratory to clinical trial","volume":"45","author":"Wathen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"jneae998cbib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181ad5387","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cerebellar magnetic stimulation decreases levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson disease","volume":"73","author":"Koch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"jneae998cbib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E19","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.4.FOCUS18130","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Endovascular delivery of leads and stentrodes and their applications to deep brain stimulation and neuromodulation: a review","volume":"45","author":"Rajah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"jneae998cbib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/11\/2\/026011","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Computational modeling of an endovascular approach to deep brain stimulation","volume":"11","author":"Teplitzky","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jneae998cbib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111180","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Trans-arterial approach for neural recording and stimulation: present and future","volume":"135","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"jneae998cbib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad4f16","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Feasibility of endovascular stimulation of the femoral nerve using a stent-mounted electrode array","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"jneae998cbib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ad6590","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Endovascular stimulation of the pudendal nerve using a stent-mounted electrode array","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neural Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae998c","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae998c\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae998c","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae998c\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae998c\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae998c\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae998c\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae998c\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:40:23Z","timestamp":1787726423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae998c"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-2552\/ae998c","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-2560","1741-2552"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-2560","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2552","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Endovascular neuromodulation: feasibility of endovascular stimulation near the cerebellum","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Neural Engineering","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-04-01","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-08-13","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-08-26","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}