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Neural Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Intraoperative localization of the central sulcus (CS) using somatosensory evoked-potential (SSEP) phase reversal (PR) is routinely performed with sparse subdural strip electrodes. We evaluated whether a multi-array, 4096-channel surface micro-electrocorticography (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    ECoG) configuration could provide dense two-dimensional sampling of stimulus-dependent sensorimotor responses within a standard neurosurgical workflow.\n                    <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Four Precision Neuroscience Layer 7\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    ECoG arrays (1024 platinum electrodes per array on a flexible polyimide substrate, 400\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    m electrode pitch, \u223c1.5 cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    active area per array) were deployed during resection of a right parafalcine meningioma in a 56-year-old male. Two arrays were placed horizontally on the exposed precentral gyrus; two were inserted under the intact dura overlying the postcentral gyrus, using a custom flexible stylet. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) were recorded across five contralateral stimulation conditions (median nerve, ulnar nerve, index finger, middle finger, ring finger). Per-electrode SSEP responses were classified without anatomical labels, and spatial organization was quantified across stimulation conditions. Stimulus-locked high-gamma activity, digit-response maps, and signal quality across micro- and macroelectrodes were also evaluated.\n                    <jats:italic>Main results.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Aggregate channel yield was 91.3% (3739\/4096) at a 2 M\u03a9 impedance criterion (per-array range 86.7%\u201397.0%). Per-electrode amplitude maps resolved continuous phase-reversal contours with stimulus-specific spatial structure; reversal latencies were 19, 21, 25, 26, and 25 ms for median, ulnar, index, middle, and ring stimulation respectively. PR occurred within a single array in eight of ten sensory-array recordings, with the phase-reversal pattern varying across stimulation conditions. Digit responses showed measurable spatial differentiation within substantially overlapping response fields. Automated classification of the phase-reversal responses recovered the expected motor and sensory organization, consistent with the standard-of-care intraoperative localization performed in the same case.\n                    <jats:italic>Significance.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The deployment shows that a four-array Layer 7\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    ECoG configuration can be used within a standard neurosurgical exposure and provides dense two-dimensional sampling of stimulus-dependent phase-reversal patterns across the peri-Rolandic recording field. The measured responses were correlated across approximately 3\u20134 mm of cortex, an order of magnitude coarser than the 400\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    m electrode pitch, so the contribution demonstrated here is dense spatial sampling rather than submillimeter physiological resolution. Dense sampling rendered the polarity transition as a continuous two-dimensional boundary across the recording field rather than as a reversal between two adjacent contacts. The platform supports future evaluation of high-density surface\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    ECoG for intraoperative mapping and chronic brain\u2013computer interface applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aea70f","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:51:58Z","timestamp":1789426318000},"page":"056055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ultra high-density, 4096-channel intraoperative neurophysiological brain mapping for functional localization of the human central sulcus"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1648-4604","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexandra Fink","family":"Skular","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai"},{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount 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