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Biomim."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Animals and humans rely on optic flow to navigate cluttered and unknown environments. While most previous studies have focused on how organisms achieve self-motion perception through optic flow information, biological neural networks for navigation based on optic flow remain unexplored. Here, we propose a biologically plausible neural network model for optic flow-based reactive navigation. The model incorporates a primary visual cortex, which is responsible for generating a cortical representation of the optic flow field; a higher-order cortex, which calculates the focus of expansion (FOE) of the optic flow field; and a cerebellum, which generates motor commands. A feedback inhibitory pathway from V1 layer VI to layer IV is introduced, enhancing heading sensitivity and enabling rapid adaptation in dynamic environments. To achieve precise obstacle localization, we propose a dual encoding strategy that combines optic flow with depth maps derived from the optic flow field, FOE, and control acceleration. This strategy mitigates distortions in depth estimation near the expansion center and ensures more reliable obstacle representation. The cerebellum outputs motor commands for heading direction and speed control based on the output of the visual cortex. Simulations and real-world experiments with an intelligent vehicle confirm that the proposed model enables collision-free navigation across diverse scenarios and outperforms classical optic flow balance strategies in complex environments. These findings demonstrate that biologically inspired neural networks provide a feasible solution for visual reactive navigation in autonomous agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/ae4866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T22:55:27Z","timestamp":1771541727000},"page":"026005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A biologically inspired neural network for optic flow-based reactive navigation with dual depth encoding\n                    <sup>*<\/sup>"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Zipei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lining","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6916-9143","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lanyun","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4385-249X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ying","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bbae4866bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pp 425","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527680863.ch18","type":"book","author":"Browning","year":"2015"},{"key":"bbae4866bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-008-0440-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A bee in the corridor: centering and wall-following","volume":"95","author":"Serres","year":"2008","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"bbae4866bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.09.052","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Vision, perception, navigation and cognition in honeybees and applications to aerial robotics","volume":"564","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. 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