{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T07:01:38Z","timestamp":1785222098615,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006601","name":"Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"European Union -NextGenerationEU","award":["CUP D32B22000430006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP D32B22000430006"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["1.4.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1.4.1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bioinspir. Biomim."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Architectural design provides an effective pathway to tune the mechanical response of fiber-reinforced composites without altering material composition. Inspired by the concentric architecture of osteons in cortical bone, this study presents a framework for the design, modeling, and fabrication of multilayered cylindrical osteon-like structures (OLS) as reinforcements with tunable properties. A custom pull-winding technique capable of producing continuous multilayer OLS with millimeter-scale diameters was developed. The OLS were evaluated under uniaxial loading through experimental testing and finite element (FE) simulations, including representative volume element-based models, with linear and nonlinear buckling analyses performed to assess structural stability. In addition, the FE model, validated against experimental results, was used as a tool to systematically investigate the effect of stacking sequence and fiber orientation on the mechanical response of the OLS. The combined experimental and numerical analyses allowed the definition of a design space for OLS length selection considering both material strength and buckling-driven instability. The results highlight the key role of fiber orientation, with OLS configurations having fibers running parallel to the OLS axis exhibiting increased axial stiffness and improved buckling performance. This framework lays the groundwork for the future development of bio-inspired laminate systems incorporating multilayer cylindrical OLS reinforcements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/ae8730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T22:52:02Z","timestamp":1783464722000},"page":"046022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Scaling up bone-inspired reinforcements: tunable structural performance for next-generation bioinspired composite laminates"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8660-2077","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nastaran","family":"Bahrami Novin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Genoa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6082-8094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Stagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Genoa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5895-7903","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ludovico","family":"Musenich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Genoa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3893-236X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Flavia","family":"Caronna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Genoa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederik","family":"Wilhelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Composite and Processing Technology IGCV"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6490-1922","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Flavia","family":"Libonati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Genoa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bbae8730bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2024.101326","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A comprehensive review on fiber-reinforced polymer composites: raw materials to applications, recycling, and waste management","volume":"146","author":"De","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"bbae8730bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-024-01192-y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fiber-reinforced composites for aerospace, energy, and marine applications: an insight into failure mechanisms under chemical, thermal, oxidative, and mechanical load conditions","volume":"8","author":"Hamzat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater."},{"key":"bbae8730bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2013.12.128","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Damage of composite materials","volume":"66","author":"Jollivet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Eng."},{"key":"bbae8730bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2011.0441","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The role of delamination in failure of fibre-reinforced composites","volume":"370","author":"Wisnom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phil Trans. R. Soc. A"},{"key":"bbae8730bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2019.03.021","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Impact resistance and damage tolerance of fiber reinforced composites: a review","volume":"217","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"bbae8730bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4479","DOI":"10.1177\/00219983231209718","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Improving the impact resistance and damage tolerance of fibre reinforced composites: a review","volume":"57","author":"Dalfi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"bbae8730bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202000387","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Probing the role of bone lamellar patterns through collagen microarchitecture mapping, numerical modeling, and 3D-printing","volume":"22","author":"Grezzana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"bbae8730bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1220854","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Structural biological materials: critical mechanics-materials connections","volume":"339","author":"Meyers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bbae8730bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2007.05.002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Biological materials: structure and mechanical properties","volume":"53","author":"Meyers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"bbae8730bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201202713","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Natural flexible dermal armor","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"bbae8730bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2004.05.006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Design and mechanical properties of insect cuticle","volume":"33","author":"Vincent","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthropod Struct. Dev."},{"key":"bbae8730bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201500070","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Bone as a structural material","volume":"4","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"bbae8730bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.126656","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Review on materials and structures inspired by bamboo","volume":"325","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"bbae8730bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2009.05.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Merger of structure and material in nacre and bone\u2014Perspectives on de novo biomimetic materials","volume":"54","author":"Espinosa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"bbae8730bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4089","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Bioinspired structural materials","volume":"14","author":"Wegst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"bbae8730bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2221","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The true toughness of human cortical bone measured with realistically short cracks","volume":"7","author":"Koester","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"bbae8730bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091610309","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The compressive properties of single osteons","volume":"161","author":"Ascenzi","year":"1968","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"bbae8730bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091580403","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The tensile properties of single osteons","volume":"158","author":"Ascenzi","year":"1967","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"bbae8730bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2024.110669","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Bone osteon-like structures: a biomimetic approach towards multiscale fiber-reinforced composite structures","volume":"254","author":"Stagni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"bbae8730bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202403728","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tailoring Synergistic Multifunctionality in Lightweight Bio\u2010Inspired Cylindrical Core\u2010Shell Hybrid Composites","volume":"34","author":"Aguiar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"bbae8730bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8641","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9641","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Designing bioinspired composite reinforcement architectures via 3D magnetic printing","volume":"6","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"bbae8730bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2020.108216","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Energy absorption of bio-inspired multi-layered graded foam-filled structures under axial crushing","volume":"198","author":"Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. B"},{"key":"bbae8730bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-022-00600-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Bionic design based on micro-nano structure of osteon and its low-velocity impact damage behavior","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresour. Bioprocess."},{"key":"bbae8730bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39030-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Bone-inspired enhanced fracture toughness of de novo fiber reinforced composites","volume":"9","author":"Libonati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"bbae8730bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1111\/ffe.12172","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Design and characterization of a biomimetic composite inspired to human bone","volume":"37","author":"Libonati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct."},{"key":"bbae8730bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2022.06.052","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Design and manufacturing of bone-like composites","volume":"110","author":"Cuneo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. CIRP."},{"key":"bbae8730bib27","article-title":"Performance C mechanical properties of carbon fiber composite materials","author":"Performance Composites Ltd.","year":"2026","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"bbae8730bib28","first-page":"i1","author":"ASTM","year":"2014","type":"book"},{"key":"bbae8730bib29","first-page":"1","type":"other","article-title":"Standard test method for compressive properties of rigid plastics 1","volume":"i","author":"Specimens","year":"2023"},{"key":"bbae8730bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7683(79)90081-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An incremental approach to the solution of snapping and buckling problems","volume":"15","author":"Riks","year":"1979","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids Struct."},{"key":"bbae8730bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1116\/1.2178386","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spiral twisting of fiber orientation inside bone lamellae","volume":"1","author":"Wagermaier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biointerphases"},{"key":"bbae8730bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-010-0218-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Elastic anisotropy of bone lamellae as a function of fibril orientation pattern","volume":"10","author":"Reisinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"bbae8730bib33","first-page":"pp 1","author":"Greenhalgh","year":"2009","type":"book"},{"key":"bbae8730bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2022.106805","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The influence of the humidity on the mechanical properties of 3D printed continuous flax fibre reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites","volume":"155","author":"de Kergariou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compos. A"},{"key":"bbae8730bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2015.12.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fractographic observations of the microstructural characteristics of flax fibre composites","volume":"123","author":"Madsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"bbae8730bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091720304","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The shearing properties of single osteons","volume":"172","author":"Ascenzi","year":"1972","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"bbae8730bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00195761","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechanical implications of collagen fibre orientation in cortical bone of the equine radius","volume":"187","author":"Riggs","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"bbae8730bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199609)246:1<47::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-C","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evidence of structural and material adaptation to specific strain features in cortical bone","volume":"246","author":"Skedros","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"bbae8730bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00195760","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Functional associations between collagen fibre orientation and locomotor strain direction in cortical bone of the equine radius","volume":"187","author":"Riggs","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"bbae8730bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22535","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Morphometry and patterns of lamellar bone in human Haversian systems","volume":"295","author":"Pazzaglia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"bbae8730bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/09243860500095471","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microcracks colocalize within highly mineralized regions of cortical bone tissue","volume":"42","author":"Wasserman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Morphol."},{"key":"bbae8730bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00004-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microdamage of human cortical bone: incidence and morphology in long bones","volume":"20","author":"Norman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"bbae8730bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c04786","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Collagen fiber orientation is coupled with specific nano-compositional patterns in dark and bright osteons modulating their biomechanical properties","volume":"15","author":"Stockhausen","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"bbae8730bib44","article-title":"Bcomp powerRibsTM\u2014natural fibre reinforcement for high performance","author":"Bcomp","year":"2026","type":"web-resource"}],"container-title":["Bioinspiration &amp; Biomimetics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-3190\/ae8730","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-3190\/ae8730\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-3190\/ae8730","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-3190\/ae8730\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-3190\/ae8730\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-3190\/ae8730\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-3190\/ae8730\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-3190\/ae8730\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T06:41:33Z","timestamp":1785220893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-3190\/ae8730"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-3190\/ae8730","relation":{},"ISSN":["1748-3182","1748-3190"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1748-3182","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-3190","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Scaling up bone-inspired reinforcements: tunable structural performance for next-generation bioinspired composite laminates","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Bioinspiration & Biomimetics","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-04-23","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-07-07","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-07-28","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}