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Biomim."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Continuum robots leverage intrinsic compliance and a high degree of freedom, making them well-suited for interaction in confined spaces. However, their distributed-parameter nature and pronounced nonlinearities pose major challenges for online closed-loop control. Guided by the origin of structural priors and by how control responsibilities are apportioned across the \u2018brain\u2013body\u2013environment\u2019 loop, this survey charts the spectrum from model-driven control to embodied intelligence. Specifically, we organize model-driven control into physics-based, data-driven, and hybrid paradigms; summarize model-free control in terms of task-space feedback control, online mapping estimation, and input\u2013output adaptive methods; and review embodied intelligence control with an emphasis on morphological computation, distributed embodied sensing, policy learning and digital twins, and morphology\u2013actuation\u2013control co-design. This perspective provides a unified lens for synthesizing and comparing these three classes of control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/aea951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:52:48Z","timestamp":1789685568000},"page":"051002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Continuum robot control strategies: from model-driven to embodied intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8913-4963","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Honghong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuyang Normal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8494-3067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuyang Normal University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bbaea951bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6296","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50598-1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Multimodal locomotion ultra-thin soft robots for exploration of narrow spaces","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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