{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T14:04:27Z","timestamp":1784988267536,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]],"date-time":"2017-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]],"date-time":"2017-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Higher Education Commission"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Mater."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Biomaterial-associated\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm infections constitute a cascade of host immune reactions ultimately leading to implant failure. Due to the lack of relevant\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm models, the majority of the studies report host immune responses to free-living or planktonic bacteria, while bacteria in clinical situations live more frequently as biofilm communities than as single cells. The present study investigated host immune responses to biomaterial-associated\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilms in a clinically relevant mouse model. Previously, we reported metallic magnesium, a prospective biodegradable implant, to be permissive for bacterial biofilm\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    even though it exhibits antibacterial properties\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Therefore, magnesium was employed as biomaterial to investigate\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm formation and associated host immune responses by using two\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains and two mouse strains.\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    formed biofilm on subcutaneously implanted magnesium disks. Non-invasive\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    imaging indicated transient inflammatory responses at control sites, whereas robust prolonged interferon-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    (IFN-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) expression was observed from biofilm in a transgenic animal reporter. Furthermore, immunohistology and electron microscopic results showed that bacterial biofilms were located in 2D immediately on the implant surface and at a short distance in the adjacent tissue. These biofilms were surrounded by inflammatory cells (mainly polymorphonuclear cells) compared to the controls. Interestingly, even though the number of live bacteria in various organs remained below detectable levels, splenomegaly indicated systemic inflammatory processes. Overall, these findings confirmed the resistance of biofilm infections\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    to potentially antibacterial properties of magnesium degradation products.\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    imaging and histology indicated the induction of both local and systemic host inflammatory responses to\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilms. Even though the innate host immune defenses could not eliminate the local infection for up to two weeks, there was no apparent systemic bacteremia and all the animals investigated survived the infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605x\/aa7667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,1]],"date-time":"2017-06-01T11:15:16Z","timestamp":1496315716000},"page":"055006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Degradable magnesium implant-associated infections by bacterial biofilms induce robust localized and systemic inflammatory reactions in a mouse model"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Imran","family":"Rahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Facility for Microscopy, Animal Experimental Unit, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124 Braunschweig,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anshu","family":"Babbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Facility for Microscopy, Animal Experimental Unit, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124 Braunschweig,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Lienenklaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover,"},{"name":"Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 7, D-30625 Hannover,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina C","family":"Pils","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Facility for Microscopy, Animal Experimental Unit, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124 Braunschweig,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Rohde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Facility for Microscopy, Animal Experimental Unit, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124 Braunschweig,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bmmaa7667bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2014.10.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Metallic implant biomaterials","volume":"87","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. 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