{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:44:09Z","timestamp":1790023449901,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614211200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"BAGEP Program of The Science Academy, Turkey"},{"name":"Bogazici University Research Fund","award":["6701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6701"]}]},{"name":"The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey","award":["117M754"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["117M754"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Mater."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Tissue engineering applications typically require three-dimensional scaffolds which provide the requisite surface area for cellular functions, while allowing transport of nutrients, waste and oxygen to and from the surrounding tissues. Scaffolds need to ensure sufficient mechanical properties to provide mechanically stable frameworks under physiologically relevant stress levels. Meanwhile, electrically conductive platforms are also desirable for the regeneration of specific tissues, where electrical impulses are transmitted throughout the tissue for proper physiological functioning. Towards this goal, carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were incorporated into silk fibroin (SF) scaffolds whose pore size and porosity were controlled during a salt leaching process. In our methodology, CNFs were dispersed in SF due to the hydrogen bond-forming ability of hexafluoro-2-propanol, a fluoroalcohol used as a solvent for SF. Results showed enhanced electrical conductivity and mechanical properties upon the incorporation of CNFs into the SF scaffolds, while the metabolic activities of cells cultured on SF\/CNF nanocomposite scaffolds were significantly improved by optimizing the CNF content, porosity and pore size range of the scaffolds. Specifically, SF\/CNF nanocomposite scaffolds with electrical conductivities as high as 0.023 S cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , tangent modulus values of 260 \u00b1 30 kPa, a porosity as high as 78% and a pore size of 376 \u00b1 53 \u00b5m were fabricated for the first time in the literature. Furthermore, an increase of about 34% in the wettability of SF was achieved by the incorporation of 10% CNF, which provided enhanced fibroblast spreading on scaffold surfaces.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605x\/abc3db","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T18:15:48Z","timestamp":1603390548000},"page":"025027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Development of electrically conductive porous silk fibroin\/carbon nanofiber scaffolds"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7549-8040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi\u011fithan","family":"Tufan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Middle East Technical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayriye","family":"\u00d6ztatl\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1773-5607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bora","family":"Garipcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Batur","family":"Ercan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Middle East Technical University"},{"name":"Middle East Technical University"},{"name":"BIOMATEN, Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Middle East Technical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.013","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Silk as biomaterial","volume":"32","author":"Vepari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.03.047","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Combinatory approach for developing silk fibroin scaffolds for cartilage regeneration","volume":"72","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.09.027","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Silk scaffolds in bone tissue engineering: an overview","volume":"63","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201801092","type":"journal-article","article-title":"In situ forming injectable silk fibroin hydrogel promotes skin regeneration in full thickness burn wounds","volume":"7","author":"Chouhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.12.036","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Silk protein fibroin from Antheraea mylitta for cardiac tissue engineering","volume":"33","author":"Patra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.09.037","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Macro\/microporous silk fibroin scaffolds with potential for articular cartilage and meniscus tissue engineering applications","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEB.2012.0437","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: role of porosity and pore size","volume":"19","author":"Loh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. B"},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2012.02.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Synthesis properties and biomedical applications of poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS): a review","volume":"37","author":"Rai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2012.07.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Recent advances in bone tissue engineering scaffolds","volume":"30","author":"Bose","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEB.2010.0520","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Indentation versus tensile measurements of Young\u2019s modulus for soft biological tissues","volume":"17","author":"McKee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B"},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5653","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S34574","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechanisms of greater cardiomyocyte functions on conductive nanoengineered composites for cardiovascular applications","volume":"7","author":"Stout","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.06.044","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification","volume":"126","author":"Engler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-009-9394-x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose\/chitosan porous scaffold","volume":"17","author":"Nge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2015.08.107","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Aligned carbon nanotube reinforced polymeric scaffolds with electrical cues for neural tissue regeneration","volume":"95","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2017.06.036","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electrospun conductive nanofibrous scaffolds for engineering cardiac tissue and 3D bioactuators","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201901369","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Conductive scaffolds for cardiac and neuronal tissue engineering: governing factors and mechanisms","volume":"30","author":"Burnstine\u2010Townley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2017.05.050","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Carbon nanomaterial-enhanced scaffolds for the creation of cardiac tissue constructs: a new frontier in cardiac tissue engineering","volume":"120","author":"Dozois","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9822","DOI":"10.1021\/nn503693h","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Biocompatible carbon nanotube-chitosan scaffold matching the electrical conductivity of the heart","volume":"8","author":"Pok","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19356","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b04777","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Carbon nanofiber reinforced nonmulberry silk protein fibroin nanobiocomposite for tissue engineering applications","volume":"9","author":"Naskar","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2009.07.010","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes in regenerative medicine","volume":"61","author":"Tran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2010.02.042","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The biological properties of carbon nanofibers decorated with \u03b2-tricalcium phosphate nanoparticles","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00087-X","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Enhanced functions of osteoblasts on nanometer diameter carbon fibers","volume":"23","author":"Elias","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00609-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Selective bone cell adhesion on formulations containing carbon nanofibers","volume":"24","author":"Price","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/15\/1\/009","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Nano-biotechnology: carbon nanofibres as improved neural and orthopaedic implants","volume":"15","author":"Webster","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2011.379","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Materials fabrication from Bombyx mori silk fibroin","volume":"6","author":"Rockwood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Protocols"},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1021\/bm034327e","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Porous 3-D scaffolds from regenerated silk fibroin","volume":"5","author":"Nazarov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1039\/C2SM26945G","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of regeneration of liquid silk fibroin on its structure and characterization","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soft Matter."},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2013.04.045","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Facile fabrication of the porous three-dimensional regenerated silk fibroin scaffolds","volume":"33","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2006.06.028","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Structural characterization of carbon nanofibers formed from different carbon-containing gases","volume":"44","author":"Zhou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2006.11.019","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Characterization of surface oxygen complexes on carbon nanofibers by TPD XPS and FT-IR","volume":"45","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susc.2010.11.014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The electrochemical effect of acid functionalisation of carbon nanotubes to be used in sensors development","volume":"605","author":"Moraes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2010.04.032","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Multiwall carbon nanotubes purification and oxidation by nitric acid studied by the FTIR and electron spectroscopy methods","volume":"501","author":"Stobinski","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2011.04.020","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The influence of treatment temperature on the acidity of MWCNT oxidized by HNO3 or a mixture of HNO3\/H2SO4","volume":"257","author":"Saleh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.10.041","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Water-insoluble silk films with silk i structure","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-8130(01)00159-3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Structural characteristics and properties of the regenerated silk fibroin prepared from formic acid","volume":"29","author":"Um","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.8b01576","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Structural and mechanical properties of silk from different instars of Bombyx mori","volume":"20","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2007.01.031","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of ultrasound sonication in carbon nanofibers\/polyurethane foam composite","volume":"459","author":"Kabir","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2008.05.015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects of dispersion techniques of carbon nanofibers on the thermo-physical properties of epoxy nanocomposites","volume":"68","author":"Prolongo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0088","DOI":"10.1038\/s41570-017-0088","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Hexafluoroisopropanol as a highly versatile solvent","volume":"1","author":"Colomer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Chem."},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.02.042","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Acid-functionalized carbon nanofibers for high stability thermoelectrical and electrochemical properties of nanofluids","volume":"520","author":"Said","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16737","DOI":"10.1021\/jp201672p","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Investigation of structural stability dispersion viscosity and conductive heat transfer properties of functionalized carbon nanotube based nanofluids","volume":"115","author":"Aravind","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1134\/S1070427206060012","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Structure and solubility of natural silk fibroin","volume":"79","author":"Sashina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Russ. J. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/19\/25\/255702","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes suspended in various surfactants","volume":"19","author":"Dong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"bmmabc3dbbib44","author":"Chang","year":"2011","type":"book"}],"container-title":["Biomedical Materials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/abc3db","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/abc3db\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/abc3db","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/abc3db\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/abc3db\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/abc3db\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/abc3db\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/abc3db\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T20:09:15Z","timestamp":1785701355000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/abc3db"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-605x\/abc3db","relation":{},"ISSN":["1748-6041","1748-605X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1748-6041","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-605X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Development of electrically conductive porous silk fibroin\/carbon nanofiber scaffolds","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomedical Materials","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2020-05-13","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2020-10-22","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2021-02-25","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}