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This triple-layered structure demonstrates compression strength and modulus of 13.07 \u00b1 1.15 MPa and 21.8 \u00b1 0.82 MPa, respectively, post 8 weeks degradation which is &gt;3000% and &gt;700% than gel scaffold. It also shows degradation of 6.84 \u00b1 0.70% (83% reduction than gel scaffold) after 12 weeks and swelling of 69.09 \u00b1 6.83% (81% reduction) as compared to gel scaffolds. Further, nearly 300%, 250%, 50%, and 440% increase in cellular attachment, proliferation, protein generation, and mineralization, respectively are achieved as compared to only PCL scaffolds. Thus, these hybrid scaffolds offer high mechanical strength, slow degradation rate, high bioactivity, and high osteoconductivity. These multifunctional scaffolds have potential for reconstructing non-load-bearing bone defects like sinus lift, jaw cysts, and moderate load-bearing like reconstructing hard palate, orbital palate, and other craniomaxillofacial bone defects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605x\/ad06c2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T18:21:50Z","timestamp":1698258110000},"page":"065027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Natural bone inspired core\u2013shell triple-layered gel\/PCL\/gel 3D printed scaffolds for bone tissue engineering"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Deepak","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atul Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5300-9338","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jayesh","family":"Bellare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bmmad06c2bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2017.07.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Additive manufacturing: scientific and technological challenges, market uptake and opportunities","volume":"21","author":"Tofail","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. 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