{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T01:40:15Z","timestamp":1771983615462,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711584000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["1R43AI152716-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R43AI152716-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Mater."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cd<jats:sub>0.3<\/jats:sub>Pb<jats:sub>0.7<\/jats:sub>S (CdPbS) aqueous quantum dots (AQDs) made with 3-mercaptoproprionic acid (MPA) as a ligand have the advantages of emitting near-infrared light, well above 800 nm, that completely circumvents interference from tissue autofluorescence and have significant amounts of ligands for bioconjugation. However, retaining the right amount of MPA became a challenge when using CdPbS AQDs for bioimaging because retaining too much MPA could lead to significant nonspecific staining in cell imaging while insufficient MPA could cause AQDs instability in biological systems. Here we examined PEGylation (i.e. chemically linking amine-functionalized polyethylene glycol (PEG)) to modify MPA on the AQDs surface to improve AQDs stability and reduce nonspecific staining. In addition, for conjugation with antibodies, a bifunctional PEG with a carboxyl functionality was used to permit chemical linkage of a PEG to an antibody on the other end. It was found that performing PEGylation at the thiol concentration where the zeta potential becomes saturated stabilized the CdPbS AQDs suspension and reduced nonspecific binding to cells. Furthermore, with the bifunctional PEG, the CdPbS AQDs were conjugated with antibodies and the AQD-Ab conjugates were shown to stain cancer cells specifically against normal cells with a signal-to-noise ratio of 8.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605x\/ad2e0e","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T22:20:55Z","timestamp":1709158855000},"page":"035022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["PEGylation of NIR Cd<sub>0.3<\/sub>Pb<sub>0.7<\/sub>S aqueous quantum dots for stabilization and reduction of nonspecific binding to cells"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Jednorski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ozgun","family":"Acar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan Y","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8443-4727","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wei-Heng","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1248","article-title":"Quantum dots versus organic dyes as fluorescent labels","volume":"5","author":"Resch-Genger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-7834-0_18","article-title":"Quantum dots for imaging and its safety","author":"Akhil","year":"2023"},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib3","first-page":"169","article-title":"Comparison of the photobleaching and photostability traits of Alexa Fluor 568- and fluorescein isothiocyanate- conjugated antibody","volume":"13","author":"Mahmoudian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell J."},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044355","article-title":"A single molecule investigation of the photostability of quantum dots","volume":"7","author":"Arnspang Christensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnsc.2019.11.007","article-title":"Recent advances in non-toxic quantum dots and their biomedical applications","volume":"29","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int."},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1051\/fopen\/2022020","article-title":"A review on quantum dots (QDs) and their biomedical applications","volume":"6","author":"Panja","year":"2023","journal-title":"4open"},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612682","article-title":"Current advances in the biomedical applications of quantum dots: promises and challenges","volume":"24","author":"Le","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4078","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.2c05407","article-title":"Review of carbon dot-based drug conjugates for cancer therapy","volume":"6","author":"Dubey","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmm2.12045","article-title":"Review on carbon dots: synthesis and application in biology field","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMEMat"},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14010027","article-title":"Green carbon dots: synthesis, characterization, properties and biomedical applications","volume":"14","author":"Hong Hui","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/23\/27\/275601","article-title":"Aqueous CdPbS quantum dots for near-infrared imaging","volume":"23","author":"Au","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2014.2461","article-title":"Autofluorescence spectroscopy and imaging: a tool for biomedical research and diagnosis","volume":"58","author":"Croce","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Histochem."},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.143010","article-title":"Recent developments of Red\/NIR carbon dots in biosensing, bioimaging, and tumor theranostics","volume":"465","author":"Hussain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8844","DOI":"10.1021\/ja016424q","article-title":"Photochemical instability of CdSe nanocrystals coated by hydrophilic thiols","volume":"123","author":"Aldana","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5827","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b00158","article-title":"Colloidal 3-mercaptopropionic acid capped lead sulfide quantum dots in a low boiling point solvent","volume":"139","author":"Reinhart","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4462","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2015.9800","article-title":"Photodegradation of mercaptopropionic acid- and thioglycollic acid-capped CdTe quantum dots in buffer solutions","volume":"15","author":"Miao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1021\/bc0502006","article-title":"Surface modification to reduce nonspecific binding of quantum dots in live cell assays","volume":"16","author":"Bentzen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.01.124","article-title":"Facile preparation of stable PEG-functionalized quantum dots with glycine-enhanced photoluminescence and their application for screening of aflatoxin B1 in herbs","volume":"261","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.201800172","article-title":"Synthesis and applications of red-emissive carbon dots","volume":"19","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Record"},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13662","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TC04065J","article-title":"Near infrared emitting quantum dots: synthesis, luminescence properties and applications","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. C"},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TB02912H","article-title":"Stable DHLA\u2013PEG capped PbS quantum dots: from synthesis to near-infrared biomedical imaging","volume":"6","author":"Zamberlan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e20028","article-title":"Cellular uptake, intracellular behavior, and acute\/sub-acute cytotoxicity of a PEG-modified quantum dot with promising in-vivo biomedical applications","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41428-019-0277-1","article-title":"Uniform poly(ethylene glycol): a comparative study","volume":"52","author":"Bohn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155411398487","article-title":"Quantum dots in cell biology","volume":"59","author":"Barroso","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-3144-4_5","article-title":"Advantages and disadvantages of using quantum dots in lateral flow and other biological assay formats","author":"Bruno","year":"2022"},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib25","article-title":"Thermo Fisher Scientific","author":"Carbodiimide Crosslinker Chemistry"},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1021\/ja02242a004","article-title":"The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum","volume":"40","author":"Langmuir","year":"1918","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib27","author":"Nix","year":"2022"},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5409","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.9b00154","article-title":"Langmuir\u2019s theory of adsorption: a centennial review","volume":"35","author":"Swenson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2012.03.022","article-title":"Compact PEGylated polymer-caged quantum dots with improved stability","volume":"402","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A"},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib30","author":"Jednorski","year":"2023"},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(58)90014-6","article-title":"A colorimetric method for determining low concentrations of mercaptans","volume":"74","author":"Ellman","year":"1958","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.1c00059","article-title":"Using atomic charges to describe the pKa of carboxylic acids","volume":"61","author":"Haslak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model"},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6729450","article-title":"T and Tn, general carcinoma autoantigens","volume":"224","author":"Springer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3892\/or.15.2.305","article-title":"Study of the expression of Tn antigen in different types of human breast cancer cells using VVA-B4 lectin","volume":"15","author":"Konska","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1177\/002215549704501007","article-title":"Quantitative computerized image analysis of Tn and T (Thomsen\u2013Friedenreich) epitopes in prognostication of human breast carcinoma","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.12.034","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of Tn antigen in breast tissue micro-arrays using CdSe aqueous quantum dots","volume":"35","author":"Au","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Janesick","year":"2007","DOI":"10.1117\/3.725073"},{"key":"bmmad2e0ebib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536012120913693","article-title":"2020 Signal to noise ratio as a cross-platform metric for intraoperative fluorescence imaging","volume":"19","author":"Gharia","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging"}],"container-title":["Biomedical Materials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/ad2e0e","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/ad2e0e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/ad2e0e","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/ad2e0e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/ad2e0e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/ad2e0e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/ad2e0e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/ad2e0e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T08:23:19Z","timestamp":1711614199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/ad2e0e"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-605x\/ad2e0e","relation":{},"ISSN":["1748-6041","1748-605X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1748-6041","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-605X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"PEGylation of NIR Cd0.3Pb0.7S aqueous quantum dots for stabilization and reduction of nonspecific binding to cells","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomedical Materials","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2023-06-11","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-02-28","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-03-28","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}