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Furthermore, exploration of the tribological performance of the PAM-PAM\/SA bilayer hydrogel have revealed its low-friction performance under high loads, with a coefficient of friction as low as 0.032. Finally, leveraging the differential swelling properties between the distinct layers of the PAM-PAM\/SA bilayer hydrogel, a self-bending biomimetic cartilage capable of conforming to complex joint surfaces is fabricated. This highly lubricating, mechanically robust, and conformal biomimetic cartilage provides an effective means for addressing cartilage defects and joint diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605x\/ada7b4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T22:55:36Z","timestamp":1736376936000},"page":"025018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["In situ swelling of low-friction, high load-bearing self-bending bilayer hydrogels inspired by articular cartilage"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9248-4844","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5497-8600","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1103-2166","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanjing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichuan","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bmmada7b4bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1013-2","article-title":"Articular cartilage regeneration by activated skeletal stem cells","volume":"26","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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