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Mater."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Ficus carica<\/jats:italic> extract (FCe) is a natural herb that has received a lot of interest in cancer treatment due to its potential anticancer activities against various malignancies. However, due to FCe\u2019s low bioavailability and low solubility, its clinical use as an anti-cancer medicine is constrained. The current study aimed to prepare FCe-loaded poly(lactic-<jats:italic>co<\/jats:italic>-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) for cancer treatment. Prepared NPs were characterized by UV\u2013v is spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the spherical FCe-loaded PLGA NPs had a particle size of 162 \u00b1 0.7 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.08 \u00b1 0.005, and a zeta potential of \u22124.7 \u00b1 0.6 mV. The encapsulation and loading efficiency were found to be 56 \u00b1 2.3% and 14 \u00b1 1.5%, respectively. A drug release study indicated a diffusion-based release profile. Cytotoxicity was evaluated on the extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma (TFK-1) cell line, which showed that both free FCe and corresponding FCe concentrations in NPs were cytotoxic. Cell cycle analysis showed that the FCe arrests the cells in G0\/G1 phase, and the cell arrest rate is higher in FCe-loaded NPs compared to free form. A phototoxicity study also showed that the phototoxicity of FCe-loaded PLGA NPs was time-dependent and enhanced in comparison to free FCe. The study\u2019s results demonstrated that FCe-encapsulated PLGA NPs are promising for cancer therapy as a phyto- and phototherapeutic agent-based system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605x\/adaff7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T22:58:46Z","timestamp":1738191526000},"page":"025027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ficus carica leaves extract-loaded PLGA nanoparticles: preparation, characterization, and in vitro anticancer activity on TFK-1 cell line"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5094-5019","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bushra","family":"Aziz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esmeralda DC","family":"Bosman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3567-9694","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kim MG","family":"van der Wurff-Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4210-5241","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cornelus F","family":"van Nostrum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmat","family":"Khurshid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bmmadaff7bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33587","article-title":"The ever-increasing importance of cancer as a leading cause of premature death worldwide","volume":"127","author":"Bray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"bmmadaff7bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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