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Mater."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Diabetes is now a global chronic disease, with the number of people with diabetes expected to reach 643 million by the end of 2030. Semaglutide, a human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue with 94% similarity to human GLP-1, can promote insulin secretion and repress glucagon secretion in a glucose concentration-dependent manner, resulting in substantial improvement of blood glucose levels and reducing the risk of hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. To improve the absorption efficiency of semaglutide in oral delivery, we developed chitosan hydrochloride-coated and nonionic surfactant-modified niosomes (CS.HCL-NSPEs-NIO) as a new way to encapsulate it. The results showed that CS.HCL-NSPEs-NIO could efficiently penetrate the cell junctions in the intestinal endothelium and therefore promote drug absorbance. In addition, gastrointestinal distribution studies revealed that CS. HCL-NSPEs-NIO could stay in the intestine for more than 4 h, thus allowing for long-term glucose regulation. Effective reduction of blood glucose levels and weight loss were observed in db\/db mice while no toxicity was detected in major organs. On the whole, our recommendation is that CS.HCL-NSPEs-NIO shows promise as an oral delivery tool for enhancing the hypoglycemic effects of semaglutide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605x\/adb2cf","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T22:56:56Z","timestamp":1738796216000},"page":"035001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Chitosan hydrochloride coated and nonionic surfactant modified niosomes: a better way for oral administration of semaglutide"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ben","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengxing","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiyan","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minhao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyou","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinlei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8517-3549","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6395-9235","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yaqin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bmmadb2cfbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2014.976892","article-title":"Bile salts-containing vesicles: promising pharmaceutical carriers for oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs and peptide\/protein-based therapeutics or vaccines","volume":"23","author":"Aburahma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug. 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