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The values of zeta potential and particle size of CSNPs were +26.0 mV and 182.4 nm, respectively. The physico\/chemical properties of the hydrogels were investigated via texture analyzer, FT-IR, XRD, and SEM. The\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    degradation, swelling behavior, rheological assessments, cell viability testing, and porosity determination were evaluated. With the increase in PEGDA concentration, the mechanical properties were increased. While the rate of swelling, degradation, and drug release were decreased. The\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    biocompatibility of hydrogels was confirmed using the MTT test. According to an\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    study, ocular drug delivery using the obtained transparent hydrogels is promising due to improved drug permeation and sustained release of TM via CSNPs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605x\/adb555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T18:00:35Z","timestamp":1739383235000},"page":"025029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Thiolated gellan gum\/polyethylene glycol diacrylate hydrogels containing timolol maleate-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for ophthalmic delivery"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Golnaz","family":"Shajari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1362-9305","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hamid","family":"Erfan-Niya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5710-6365","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marziyeh","family":"Fathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7237-5595","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nazanin","family":"Amiryaghoubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bmmadb555bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-01992-2","article-title":"Nanotechnology-based ocular drug delivery systems: recent advances and future prospects","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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