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Furthermore, it has been observed that PAs encapsulated in exosomes demonstrate a stability that is twice that of unencapsulated PAs under physiological conditions. The encapsulation process also improved the cytocompatibility of the PAs. Moreover, the functionality of the encapsulated PAs is significantly improved, as evidenced by a fivefold reduction in nitric oxide production from the EXO\/PA nanocarriers. There is a significant decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, such as NFkB, MMP2, COX-2, and IL-1<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>, in comparison to cells treated with LPS. Moreover, levels of TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>, IL-6, and MCP-1 in activated macrophages treated with EXO\/PAs were observed to be significantly reduced compared to those activated by LPS. It appears that the immune-suppressive effect of the extract may be mediated through both the ERK\/MAPK and IkB\/NFkB signaling pathways, highlighting the potential benefits of this approach. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that exosomes can effectively deliver polyphenylpropanoids while improving their stability and functionality, underscoring their potential role in future medical treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605x\/ade7e3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T22:55:19Z","timestamp":1750805719000},"page":"045023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exosome as a stable carrier for anti-inflammatory phenylpropanoid metabolites: a proof-of-concept study"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Shirali","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0810-9054","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Neeraja","family":"Revi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suridh","family":"Chakravarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Gurgul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahya","family":"Najjar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Tao","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine Mary","family":"Warpeha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8114-5444","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Divya","family":"Bijukumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bmmade7e3bib1","first-page":"461","article-title":"Current issues regarding complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in the United States","volume":"35","author":"Ventola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. 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