{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T23:59:13Z","timestamp":1794441553187,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002714","name":"University of Freiburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002714","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Mater."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Degenerative disc disease is a leading cause of chronic back pain, and current surgical treatments such as fusion and disc arthroplasty remain limited by implant wear, stress shielding, and mechanical mismatch with the native intervertebral disc (IVD). This study investigates three-dimensional (3D) printed thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) Gyroid structures as biomimetic disc replacements. Using filaments of varying stiffness, 3D-printed constructs demonstrated high geometric fidelity and mechanical performance within physiological load and deformation ranges. Dynamic compression testing revealed damping coefficients of approximately 16%, closely matching native IVD behavior. Stiffness scaled predictably with structural density, allowing mechanical tuning toward physiological properties. These findings highlight the potential of Gyroid-structured TPU implants to replicate the natural damping and load distribution of human discs, offering a pathway toward customizable, patient-specific disc replacements. Future work will focus on medically approved TPU, biological responses, and multiaxial loading.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605x\/ae2224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T22:53:26Z","timestamp":1763679206000},"page":"015001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Engineering intervertebral disc replacements using 3D-printed open Gyroid architectures"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7082-5639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Mussler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9948-2295","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joerg","family":"Lienhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1000-3862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8801-2385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hagen","family":"Schmal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3275-8196","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bernd","family":"Rolauffs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6643-6358","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Seidenstuecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bmmae2224bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1417600","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Regenerative therapies for lumbar degenerative disc diseases: a literature review","volume":"12","author":"Sono","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"bmmae2224bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00132-024-04586-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Lumbaler bandscheibenvorfall","volume":"54","author":"Heider","year":"2025","journal-title":"Orthop\u00e4die"},{"key":"bmmae2224bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198205000-00002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Prolapsed intervertebral disc. A hyperflexion injury 1981 Volvo award in basic science","volume":"7","author":"Adams","year":"1982","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"bmmae2224bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-018-5768-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effectiveness of surgery for sciatica with disc herniation is not substantially affected by differences in surgical incidences among three countries: results from the Danish, Swedish and Norwegian spine registries","volume":"28","author":"Lagerb\u00e4ck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"bmmae2224bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000248132.15231.fe","type":"journal-article","article-title":"United states\u2019 trends and regional variations in lumbar spine surgery: 1992\u20132003","volume":"31","author":"Weinstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"bmmae2224bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2022.10.015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Incidence of lumbar discectomy during pregnancy and within 12 months post-partum in Finland between 1999 and 2017: a retrospective register-based cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Nyrhi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"bmmae2224bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.23.00735","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Clinical outcomes after 1 and 2-level lumbar total disc arthroplasty: 1,187 patients with 7\u201321-year follow-up","volume":"107","author":"Marnay","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"key":"bmmae2224bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200212010-00006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Circumferential lumbar spinal fusion with Brantigan cage versus posterolateral fusion with titanium Cotrel\u2013Dubousset instrumentation: a prospective, randomized clinical study of 146 patients","volume":"27","author":"Christensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"bmmae2224bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.103619","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An update of current therapeutic approach for intervertebral disc degeneration: a review article","volume":"77","author":"Romaniyanto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"bmmae2224bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-007-0443-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Material properties in unconfined compression of human nucleus pulposus, injectable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels and tissue engineering scaffolds","volume":"16","author":"Cloyd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"bmmae2224bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.14245\/ns.1938296.148","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Biomaterials in spinal implants: a review","volume":"17","author":"Warburton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurospine"},{"key":"bmmae2224bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12060980","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Influence of the elastic modulus on the osseointegration of dental implants","volume":"12","author":"Brizuela","year":"2019","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"bmmae2224bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1039\/C9BM01288E","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Growing a backbone\u2014functional biomaterials and structures for intervertebral disc (ivd) repair and regeneration: challenges, innovations, and future directions","volume":"8","author":"Harmon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"bmmae2224bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1432587","type":"journal-article","article-title":"On the suitability of additively manufactured Gyroid structures and their potential use as intervertebral disk replacement\u2014a feasibility study","volume":"12","author":"Gross","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"bmmae2224bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-04310-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A novel artificial vertebral implant with Gyroid porous structures for reducing the subsidence and mechanical failure rate after vertebral body replacement","volume":"18","author":"Shang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"bmmae2224bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.07.012","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The anisotropic elastic behavior of the widely-used triply-periodic minimal surface based scaffolds","volume":"99","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"bmmae2224bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-024-00790-y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of flexible thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU): enhancing the material elongation through process optimisation","volume":"10","author":"Marco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prog. Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"bmmae2224bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.6584","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Recent trends in the additive manufacturing of polyurethanes","volume":"73","author":"Bean","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"bmmae2224bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3390\/jmmp8010023","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Advancements and challenges in additively manufactured functionally graded materials: a comprehensive review","volume":"8","author":"Alkunte","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Mater. Process."},{"key":"bmmae2224bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860000140","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Geometrical dimensions of the lower lumbar vertebrae\u2014analysis of data from digitised CT images","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"bmmae2224bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.103520","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Functionally graded and multi-morphology sheet TPMS lattices: design, manufacturing, and mechanical properties","volume":"102","author":"Al-Ketan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"bmmae2224bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E166","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318166e001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Comparison of animal discs used in disc research to human lumbar disc: axial compression mechanics and glycosaminoglycan content","volume":"33","author":"Beckstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"bmmae2224bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2012.06.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Damping properties of the nucleus pulposus","volume":"27","author":"Vogel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"bmmae2224bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.09.016","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The degenerative state of the intervertebral disk independently predicts the failure of human lumbar spine to high rate loading: an experimental study","volume":"30","author":"Alkalay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"bmmae2224bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/SASJ-2008-0010-LR","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Biomechanical evaluation of pedicle screw-based dynamic stabilization devices for the lumbar spine: a systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Barrey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Spine Surg."},{"key":"bmmae2224bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18010144","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Innovative approaches to material selection and testing in additive manufacturing","volume":"18","author":"Fales","year":"2025","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"bmmae2224bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.24840\/2795-5168_002-001_2675","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Challenges on extrusion-based additive manufacturing of thermoplastic polyurethane","volume":"2","author":"Sardinha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eng. Manufact. Lett."},{"key":"bmmae2224bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31817d6dd3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Rest cannot always recover the dynamic properties of fatigue-loaded intervertebral disc","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"bmmae2224bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15041481","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An artificial PVA-BC composite that mimics the biomechanical properties and structure of a natural intervertebral disc","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"bmmae2224bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E367","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182326305","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Biomechanical behavior of a biomimetic artificial intervertebral disc","volume":"37","author":"van den Broek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"bmmae2224bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-003-0569-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dynamic stiffness and damping of human intervertebral disc using axial oscillatory displacement under a free mass system","volume":"12","author":"Izambert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"bmmae2224bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21232","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Human intervertebral disc internal strain in compression: the effect of disc region, loading position, and degeneration","volume":"29","author":"O\u2019Connell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"bmmae2224bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3319","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.3c00383","type":"journal-article","article-title":"3d-printed peek\/silicon nitride scaffolds with a triply periodic minimal surface structure for spinal fusion implants","volume":"6","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"bmmae2224bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-017-0023-1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The manufacture of 3D printing of medical grade TPU","volume":"2","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Addit. Manuf."}],"container-title":["Biomedical Materials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/ae2224","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/ae2224\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/ae2224","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/ae2224\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/ae2224\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/ae2224\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/ae2224\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/ae2224\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T07:15:44Z","timestamp":1764573344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/ae2224"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-605x\/ae2224","relation":{},"ISSN":["1748-6041","1748-605X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1748-6041","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-605X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Engineering intervertebral disc replacements using 3D-printed open Gyroid architectures","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomedical Materials","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2025-08-28","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2025-11-20","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2025-12-01","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}