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Mater."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    To develop a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticle system encapsulating the type II TGF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    receptor (T\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    RII)-targeting aptamer S58 (PLGA-S58) and evaluate its ability to mitigate subconjunctival fibrosis after glaucoma filtration surgery. PLGA-S58 was prepared by double emulsion-solvent evaporation and characterized for morphology, size, encapsulation efficiency, and\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    release. Uptake by human conjunctival fibroblasts (HConFs) was assessed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. In a TGF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    2-induced fibrotic model, cytocompatibility, proliferation, migration, and expression of\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    -smooth muscle actin (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    -SMA) and type I collagen were evaluated.\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a rat glaucoma filtration surgery model was established, and S58 or PLGA-S58 was administered subconjunctivally at the filtration site. Bleb morphology and intraocular pressure (IOP) were monitored for 30 d, and tissue fibrosis was assessed by histology and immunofluorescence. PLGA-S58 nanoparticles were spherical with a hydrodynamic size of 255\u2013295 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of \u223c66%. PLGA-S58 showed sustained release over 7 d (\u223c71% cumulative release at 168 h) while preserving aptamer integrity. Compared with free S58, PLGA-S58 more effectively suppressed TGF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    2-induced HConF proliferation, migration, and fibrotic marker expression. In rats, PLGA-S58 formed a local depot detectable for \u2a7e7 d, produced more diffuse and longer-lasting filtering blebs, achieved greater and more stable IOP reduction over 30 d, and reduced collagen deposition and\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    -SMA-positive myofibroblast accumulation in the filtration area. PLGA-S58 enables sustained local delivery of a T\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    RII-targeting aptamer and improves antifibrotic efficacy and bleb function after filtration surgery, supporting translational potential as a safer alternative to cytotoxic antimetabolites.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605x\/ae4a63","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T22:52:21Z","timestamp":1772059941000},"page":"025009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A PLGA-based aptamer delivery system for modulating subconjunctival fibrosis after glaucoma filtration surgery"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4694-8019","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wangdu","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junlong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qianyi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7982-0743","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiaguo","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangji","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bmmae4a63bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3192","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: a review","volume":"311","author":"Weinreb","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"bmmae4a63bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.013","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"121","author":"Tham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bmmae4a63bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2174\/1874364101004010052","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Aqueous humor dynamics: a review","volume":"4","author":"Goel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Ophthalmol. 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