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Mater."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    To address the inherent brittleness of\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -tricalcium phosphate (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -TCP) bioceramics, we incorporated ZnO, SrO, or bioactive glass (AK) into a\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -TCP matrix. Porous scaffolds were fabricated via digital light processing and sintering. X-ray diffraction confirmed the preservation of the\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -TCP phase, and SEM revealed a multiscale porous architecture with uniform macropores (\u223c400 \u03bcm) and submicron surface micropores specifically in the\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -TCP\/AK composite. This scaffold exhibited the most balanced performance: its compressive strength increased by \u223c38% to 9.65 MPa compared to pure\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -TCP. During immersion in simulated body fluid, the\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -TCP\/AK scaffold induced a favorable alkaline pH, exhibited the highest degradation rate (mass loss), and enabled sustained release of bioactive Si\n                    <jats:sup>4+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and Mg\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ions, which enhanced apatite mineralization.\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , all modified scaffolds promoted osteoblast proliferation. Notably, the\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -TCP\/AK scaffold most significantly stimulated osteogenic differentiation, elevating ALP activity to 2.48 \u00b1 0.184 (vs. 1.87 \u00b1 0.126 for pure\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -TCP) and upregulating key osteogenic genes (ALP, OCN, RUNX2). These results demonstrate that AK doping optimally enhances the mechanical strength, biodegradation, ion release, and osteogenic capacity of\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -TCP, presenting a highly promising composite for bone tissue engineering.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605x\/ae4c0e","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T22:51:41Z","timestamp":1772491901000},"page":"025013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of ZnO\/SrO\/akermanite incorporation on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    osteogenic performance of\n                    <i>\u03b2<\/i>\n                    -tricalcium phosphate scaffolds"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1737-5261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shan","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2892-2561","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2492-4581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengtao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3734-8548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8922-8054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assia","family":"Faik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2049-0388","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bmmae4c0ebib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ac867f","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A review of bioceramics scaffolds for bone defects in different types of animal models: HA and\u03b2-TCP","volume":"8","author":"Nik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. 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All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2025-11-07","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-03-02","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-03-12","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}