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Mater."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In this study, we developed electrospun polycaprolactone\/polyethylene glycol (PCL\/PEG) nanofibers loaded with\n                    <jats:italic>Plantago lanceolata<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>P. lanceolata<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) extract and clove oil to evaluate their combined potential for wound healing and antibacterial activity. PCL\/PEG nanofibers were electrospun and post-loaded with\n                    <jats:italic>P. lanceolata<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract at 5%, 10%, and 15% (w\/v), together with 1% (v\/v) clove oil. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed a uniform, bead-free nanofibrous structure, with fiber diameters ranging from 768 \u00b1 140 nm to 892 \u00b1 206 nm and pore sizes from 3.93 \u00b1 0.97 \u00b5m to 6.20 \u00b1 1.16 \u00b5m. The nanofibers exhibited swelling ratios between 103.23 \u00b1 16.42% and 133.93 \u00b1 40.45% within 1 h and showed gradual degradation ranging from 25.92 \u00b1 2.84% to 57.76 \u00b1 0.92% over 21 d, with cumulative extract release approaching a plateau by day 28 under the experimental conditions. The incorporation of plant extract and essential oil initially increased the water contact angle from 15.97 \u00b1 1.07\u00b0 to 48.61 \u00b1 7.85\u00b0, indicating that the nanofiber surface remained hydrophilic; at higher extract contents, the nanofibers transitioned to a superhydrophilic state. Antibacterial activity was primarily governed by clove oil, yielding up to 85.16 \u00b1 0.36% efficacy against\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and 79.90 \u00b1 0.29% against\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). While\n                    <jats:italic>P. lanceolata<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract alone showed limited antibacterial activity, its presence within clove oil-loaded nanofibers consistently enhanced antibacterial performance at the composite level.\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    scratch assays demonstrated pronounced wound closure at later time points (72\u201396 h), particularly for nanofibers containing higher extract concentrations, confirming the dominant contribution of\n                    <jats:italic>P. lanceolata<\/jats:italic>\n                    to the healing response. Overall, the electrospun PCL\/PEG nanofibers represent a dual-function wound dressing, with clove oil contributing antibacterial protection and\n                    <jats:italic>P. lanceolata<\/jats:italic>\n                    extract supporting wound healing.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605x\/ae7ebd","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T22:52:03Z","timestamp":1781736723000},"page":"045005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Electrospun PCL\/PEG nanofibers incorporating\n                    <i>Plantago lanceolata<\/i>\n                    extract and clove oil for dual-function wound dressings"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5061-9997","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Selin Nur","family":"Teke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Abdullah G\u00fcl University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1611-9105","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adile","family":"Y\u00fcr\u00fck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abdullah G\u00fcl University"},{"name":"Bilkent University, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6428-4207","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"\u0130smail Alper","family":"\u0130\u015fo\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abdullah G\u00fcl University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bmmae7ebdbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2019.0946","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Human wounds and its burden: an updated compendium of estimates","volume":"8","author":"Sen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. 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