{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T10:07:07Z","timestamp":1790158027645,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tianjin Health Research Project","award":["TJWJ2025QN077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TJWJ2025QN077"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Mater."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The pronounced heterogeneity of the pathological microenvironment in musculoskeletal disorders poses significant challenges to the spatiotemporal regulation capabilities of conventional therapeutic strategies. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels have exhibited immense potential for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders owing to their excellent intelligent response characteristics and versatile design. This review systematically summarizes the major response mechanisms of stimuli-responsive hydrogels and analyzes the characteristics of their structural and functional design. It further focuses on recent advances of their applications in typical musculoskeletal disorders, including degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA); autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA); traumatic injuries such as fractures and cartilage injury; infectious diseases such as infected bone defects; metabolism-related bone disorders such as diabetic bone injury and hyperlipidemia bone injury; as well as soft tissue complications such as tendon adhesion and rotator cuff injury. Finally, this review proposes a design concept for multimodal stimuli-responsive hydrogels and discusses the key challenges in their clinical translation. We hope this review will serve as a reference for promoting the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders from passive repair to active regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605x\/aea5c5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T22:53:02Z","timestamp":1789080782000},"page":"052005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stimuli-responsive hydrogels: orchestrating microenvironment remodeling in musculoskeletal therapeutics"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University Tianjin Hospital"},{"name":"Tianjin University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yixi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University Tianjin Hospital"},{"name":"Tianjin University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Chenyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University Tianjin Hospital"},{"name":"Tianjin University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyuan","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University Tianjin Hospital"},{"name":"Tianjin University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xianghong","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University Tianjin Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiaoran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University Tianjin Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2592-5542","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University Tianjin Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"403","author":"Global Incidence","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matt.2021.05.019","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Nanoscale materials-based platforms for the treatment of bone-related diseases","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matter"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2014.159","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Donor-derived infection\u2013the challenge for transplant safety","volume":"10","author":"Fishman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2019.10.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Polycaprolactone as biomaterial for bone scaffolds: review of Literature","volume":"10","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofacial Res."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.20517\/2347-9264.2025.09","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Strategies for craniofacial tissue engineering: innovations for scalable bone regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Vignolo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plast. Aesthet. Res."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmt.2025.100099","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Advancing biomimetic bone scaffolds: from electrospun 2D membranes to functional 3D nanofiber constructs","volume":"11","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Technol."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.20517\/2347-9264.2024.153","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The use of bone morphogenic protein and related therapies in the management of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: a scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Patel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plast. Aesthet. Res."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.71","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Designing hydrogels for controlled drug delivery","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0089","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0089","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Smart hydrogels for bone reconstruction via modulating the microenvironment","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202300927","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Integrated piezoelectric\/conductive composite cryogel creates electroactive microenvironment for enhanced bone regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37581","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c06346","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Near-infrared responsive properties of bone repair scaffolds facilitated by specific osteoinductive photothermal converters for highly efficient bone repair","volume":"16","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2023.08.008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ultrasound-triggered biomimetic ultrashort peptide nanofiber hydrogels promote bone regeneration by modulating macrophage and the osteogenic immune microenvironment","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmt.2025.100121","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Wireless bioelectric stimulation for bone regeneration using magnetoelectric PVDF\/BaTiO3\u2014Fe80Ga20 laminates","volume":"12","author":"Viraji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Technol."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.02.016","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Shear-responsive boundary-lubricated hydrogels attenuate osteoarthritis","volume":"16","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.07.031","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An anti-senescence hydrogel with ph-responsive drug release for mitigating intervertebral disc degeneration and low back pain","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202203464","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Thermo-responsive nanocomposite bioink with growth-factor holding and its application to bone regeneration","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121683","type":"journal-article","article-title":"ROS-responsive hydrogel coating modified titanium promotes vascularization and osteointegration of bone defects by orchestrating immunomodulation","volume":"287","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4421","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084421","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Enzyme-responsive hydrogels as potential drug delivery systems-state of knowledge and future prospects","volume":"23","author":"Sobczak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.120027","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A dual-responsive polydopamine-modified hydroxybutyl chitosan hydrogel for sequential regulation of bone regeneration","volume":"297","author":"Wan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polym."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2024.1389327","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Photothermal hydrogels for infection control and tissue regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5001","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S374247","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ultrasound responsive smart implantable hydrogels for targeted delivery of drugs: reviewing current practices","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.06.003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Magnetic-responsive hydrogels: from strategic design to biomedical applications","volume":"335","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120280","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electrical stimulation and piezoelectric biomaterials for bone tissue engineering applications","volume":"258","author":"Khare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt158","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechanical control of tissue-engineered bone","volume":"4","author":"Hung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2023.2217377","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Preparation thermal response mechanisms and biomedical applications of thermosensitive hydrogels for drug delivery","volume":"20","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1039\/D2BM01519F","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Recent strategies to develop ph-sensitive injectable hydrogels","volume":"11","author":"Thambi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.2c00094","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Redox-responsive hydrogels for tunable and \u201con-demand\u201d release of biomacromolecules","volume":"33","author":"Kilic Boz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370216647186","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Enzyme-responsive polymer hydrogels for therapeutic delivery","volume":"241","author":"Chandrawati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.02.075","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Injectable, thermosensitive, fast gelation, bioeliminable, and oxygen sensitive hydrogels","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15030582","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Advances in the design of phenylboronic acid-based glucose-sensitive hydrogels","volume":"15","author":"Morariu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEB.2016.0465","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Macroporous hydrogel scaffolds for three-dimensional cell culture and tissue engineering","volume":"23","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. B"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202416085","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Conductive nanocomposite hydrogels for neural tissue engineering: a systematic scoping review of recent trends","volume":"12","author":"Moghaddasi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2026.114893","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Biomaterials-guided nanomedicine for familial adenomatous polyposis: lipid nanoparticle RNA therapeutics with translational relevance","volume":"394","author":"Shi","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-017-0991-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of rehabilitation exercise durations on the dynamic bone repair process by coupling polymer scaffold degradation and bone formation","volume":"17","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2016.136","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Low-grade inflammation as a key mediator of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis","volume":"12","author":"Robinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00192","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic trajectory","volume":"6","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2022.119667","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A hyaluronic acid\/platelet-rich plasma hydrogel containing MnO2 nanozymes efficiently alleviates osteoarthritis in vivo","volume":"292","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polym."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14458","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202100873","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Structural transformative antioxidants for dual\u2010responsive anti\u2010inflammatory delivery and photoacoustic inflammation imaging","volume":"60","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.04.017","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Exosomes loaded a smart bilayer-hydrogel scaffold with ROS-scavenging and macrophage-reprogramming properties for repairing cartilage defect","volume":"38","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5325","DOI":"10.1039\/d3tb02871b","type":"journal-article","article-title":"On-demand release of a selective MMP-13 blocker from an enzyme-responsive injectable hydrogel protects cartilage from degenerative progression in osteoarthritis","volume":"12","author":"Roy","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24308","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c10139","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Meniscus-inspired self-lubricating and friction-responsive hydrogels for protecting articular cartilage and improving exercise","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202308599","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Hypoxia and matrix metalloproteinase 13-responsive hydrogel microspheres alleviate osteoarthritis progression in vivo","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202302475","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Retuning mitochondrial apoptosis\/mitophagy balance via SIRT3-energized and microenvironment-modulated hydrogel microspheres to impede osteoarthritis","volume":"12","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.129862","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microenvironment-responsive bilayer hydrogel microspheres with gelatin-shell for osteoarthritis treatment","volume":"261","author":"Miao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smmd.70006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"MXene-based photothermal-responsive injectable hydrogel microsphere modulates physicochemical microenvironment to alleviate osteoarthritis","volume":"4","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Smart Med."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9370","DOI":"10.1039\/d1tb02030g","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A smart injectable composite hydrogel with magnetic navigation and controlled glutathione release for promoting in situ chondrocyte array and self-healing in damaged cartilage tissue","volume":"9","author":"Chiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2103726","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis\u2014common origins, divergent mechanisms","volume":"388","author":"Gravallese","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202101033","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Inflammation\u2010Instructed hierarchical delivery of IL\u20104\/miR\u201021 orchestrates osteoimmune microenvironment toward the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"31","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.05.021","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microenvironment responsive hydrogel exerting inhibition of cascade immune activation and elimination of synovial fibroblasts for rheumatoid arthritis therapy","volume":"370","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202207319","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A metabolic driven bio-responsive hydrogel loading psoralen for therapy of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1039\/d4bm00243a","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A bioactive and biodegradable vitamin C stearate-based injectable hydrogel alleviates experimental inflammatory arthritis","volume":"12","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.101042","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A dual dynamically cross-linked hydrogel promotes rheumatoid arthritis repair through ROS initiative regulation and microenvironment modulation-independent triptolide release","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.03.002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Regulation of rheumatoid arthritis microenvironment via a self-healing injectable hydrogel for improved inflammation elimination and bone repair","volume":"36","author":"Geng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2017.05.002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Macrophages and bone Inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Gu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2025.2590730","type":"journal-article","article-title":"In situ forming ROS-scavenging hydrogel with STING inhibitor delivery promotes bone mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation via regulating macrophage M2 polarization","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rbad025","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbad025","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Quercetin-solid lipid nanoparticle-embedded hyaluronic acid functionalized hydrogel for immunomodulation to promote bone reconstruction","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102559","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mild photothermal-mediated neuroimmunomodulatory composite hydrogel ameliorates bone healing microenvironment for enhanced osteoporotic bone defect regeneration","volume":"35","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.04.034","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A non-invasive smart scaffold for bone repair and monitoring","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2026.102779","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ultrasound-activated piezoelectric silk-PVDF hydrogel reprograms the osteoimmune microenvironment via NRF2 signaling for accelerated bone regeneration","volume":"37","author":"Mo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.08.012","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Remote control of the recruitment and capture of endogenous stem cells by ultrasound for in situ repair of bone defects","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202308205","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Spatiotemporalized hydrogel microspheres promote vascularized osteogenesis via ultrasound oxygen delivery","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.11.065","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Injectable MMP1-sensitive microspheres with spatiotemporally controlled exosome release promote neovascularized bone healing","volume":"157","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202206545","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A MgFe-LDH nanosheet-incorporated smart thermo-responsive hydrogel with controllable growth factor releasing capability for bone regeneration","volume":"35","author":"Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02320-y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Injectable ultrasound-powered bone-adhesive nanocomposite hydrogel for electrically accelerated irregular bone defect healing","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.12.019","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechano-responsive hydrogel for direct stem cell manufacturing to therapy","volume":"24","author":"Shou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.05.023","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Targeting micromotion for mimicking natural bone healing by using NIPAM\/Nb2C hydrogel","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202304641","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Smart-responsive multifunctional therapeutic system for improved regenerative microenvironment and accelerated bone regeneration via mild photothermal therapy","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.TEB.2020.0244","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The challenge of cartilage integration: understanding a major barrier to chondral repair","volume":"28","author":"Trengove","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. B"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16091293","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Injectable thermosensitive hyaluronic acid hydrogels for chondrocyte delivery in cartilage tissue engineering","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2021.07.007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Stimuli-responsive biphenyl-tripeptide supramolecular hydrogels as biomimetic extracellular matrix scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering","volume":"131","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2021.1938752","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Thermo-responsive injectable naringin-loaded hydrogel polymerised sodium alginate\/bioglass delivery for articular cartilage","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202407552","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Compressible hydrogels with stabilized chirality from thermoresponsive helical dendronized poly(phenylacetylene)s","volume":"63","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.31635\/ccschem.023.202202670","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Supramolecular semi-convertible hydrogel enabled self-healing responsive lubrication under dynamic shearing","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"CCS Chem."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46897","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c09022","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Enzyme-responsive self-evolving hydrogel for osteochondral regeneration through mechanosignaling pathway","volume":"147","author":"Zhuang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202306924","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-responsive hydrogel with on-demand release of phosphatidylserine promotes bone regeneration through immunomodulation","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/4839701","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Current concepts of fracture-related infection","volume":"2023","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-019-0061-z","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evolving concepts in bone infection: redefining \u201cbiofilm\u201d, \u201cacute vs. Chronic osteomyelitis\u201d, \u201cthe immune proteome\u201d and \u201clocal antibiotic therapy","volume":"7","author":"Masters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2021.09.089","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Long-term induction of endogenous BMPs growth factor from antibacterial dual network hydrogels for fast large bone defect repair","volume":"607","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12448","DOI":"10.1039\/d5tb01686j","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ligand-dependent activity engineering of Cu-MOFs based on biomimetic strategies for nanozyme-decorated smart hydrogels for therapy of inflammatory bone defects","volume":"13","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14040226","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microporous implants modified by bifunctional hydrogel with antibacterial and osteogenic properties promote bone integration in infected bone defects","volume":"14","author":"Pu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Funct. Biomater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202302690","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Injective programmable proanthocyanidin-coordinated zinc-based composite hydrogel for infected bone repair","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.153597","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An intelligent controlled release hydrogel with photothermal effect for the treatment of bone defects","volume":"495","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.09.036","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Self-healing magnetic and injectable biopolymer hydrogel generated by dual cross-linking for drug delivery and bone repair","volume":"153","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124134","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A pH\/ROS-responsive antioxidative and antimicrobial GelMA hydrogel for on-demand drug delivery and enhanced osteogenic differentiation in vitro","volume":"657","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3943","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233943","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Osteometabolism: metabolic alterations in bone pathologies","volume":"11","author":"Srivastava","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci13030087","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pathophysiological mechanisms of diabetes-induced macrovascular and microvascular complications: the role of oxidative stress","volume":"13","author":"Roy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Sci."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202108430","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A logic\u2010based diagnostic and therapeutic hydrogel with multistimuli responsiveness to orchestrate diabetic bone regeneration","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.09.049","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Versatile smart hydrogels for spatiotemporal drug delivery to orchestrate diabetic bone regeneration","volume":"55","author":"Shi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2024.12617","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The role of autophagy\/lipophagy in the response of osteoblastic cells to hyperlipidemia (review)","volume":"28","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202505684","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An injectable liposome-hydrogel composite for targeted delivery of a non-lactylated peptide to rebalance bone metabolism in hyperlipidemia","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2023.11.059","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Peritendinous adhesion: therapeutic targets and progress of drug therapy","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J"},{"key":"bmmaea5c5bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202106564","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Self-healing hydrogel embodied with macrophage-regulation and responsive-gene-silencing properties for synergistic prevention of peritendinous adhesion","volume":"34","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."}],"container-title":["Biomedical Materials"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/aea5c5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/aea5c5\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/aea5c5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/aea5c5\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/aea5c5\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/aea5c5\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/aea5c5\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/aea5c5\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T09:26:12Z","timestamp":1790155572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/aea5c5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-605x\/aea5c5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1748-6041","1748-605X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1748-6041","type":"print"},{"value":"1748-605X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Stimuli-responsive hydrogels: orchestrating microenvironment remodeling in musculoskeletal therapeutics","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biomedical Materials","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2026-05-27","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-09-10","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-09-23","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}