{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T08:12:56Z","timestamp":1788423176645,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2024YFB3910201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFB3910201"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["14380235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14380235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities - Cemac \u201cGeoX\u201d Interdisciplinary Program","award":["2024300245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024300245"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environ. Res. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Bottom-up coal mine methane (CMM) inventories rely on static or empirically derived emission factors (EFs), and therefore mine-level emissions are poorly constrained, limiting the use of these inventories for implementing detailed mitigation strategies. Here, we compiled 1418 satellite-detected methane plumes (2019\n                    <jats:italic>\u2013<\/jats:italic>\n                    2025) and attributed them to 159 active underground coal mines in Shanxi province, China. We further derived observed mine-level EFs, calculated as mine-level emission rates divided by production data. We then compared these observed EFs with those from the State Administration of Coal Mine Safety (SACMS) and Global Coal Mine Tracker (GCMT), and developed a production-capacity-stratified bootstrap framework to upscale emissions from high-gas and outburst coal mines. Observed EFs were highly heterogeneous, right-skewed, temporally variable and negatively correlated with production capacity. Inventory comparisons revealed distinct biases: SACMS reproduced the overall EF magnitude but systematically underestimated EFs for small-capacity coal mines (production capacity &lt;1.2 Mt yr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), whereas GCMT overestimated EFs for medium- (1.2\u2a7d production capacity &lt;3.0 Mt yr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and large-capacity coal mines (production capacity \u2a7e3.0 Mt yr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Using the production-capacity-stratified bootstrap upscaling framework, we estimated 2023 CMM emissions from high-gas and outburst coal mines in Shanxi to be 7.0 [5.6\n                    <jats:italic>\u2013<\/jats:italic>\n                    8.9] Mt yr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Total provincial CMM emissions were estimated at 11.2 [9.3\n                    <jats:italic>\u2013<\/jats:italic>\n                    13.6] Mt yr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    . These findings show that satellite-observed plumes can constrain mine-level EFs, reveal inventory biases, and support observation-based provincial CMM estimation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ae9e4e","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T22:49:54Z","timestamp":1787698194000},"page":"174012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Observation-based mine-level methane emission factors uncover inventory biases and constrain emissions from Shanxi\u2019s Coal Mines"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Shuhui","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University"},{"name":"Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9805-9649","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, International Institute for Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7359-1647","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, International Institute for Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8286-300X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yongguang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, International Institute for Earth System Sciences, Nanjing University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0008-6508","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhaocheng","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and GIS, Peking University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhonghua","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Meteorological Bureau"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2561-3244","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ge","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing of Land and Atmosphere, School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1573-6673","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Huilin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University"},{"name":"Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"erlae9e4ebib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeaoa.2021.100135","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Quantifying methane emissions from coal mining ventilation shafts using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based active aircore system","volume":"12","author":"Andersen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ. X"},{"key":"erlae9e4ebib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5191","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-23-5191-2023","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Local-to-regional methane emissions from the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) quantified using UAV-based atmospheric measurements","volume":"23","author":"Andersen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"erlae9e4ebib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.175446","type":"journal-article","article-title":"High-resolution satellite estimates of coal mine methane emissions from local to regional scales in Shanxi, China","volume":"950","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"erlae9e4ebib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.119549","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Characteristics of China\u2019s coal mine methane emission sources at national and provincial levels","volume":"259","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"erlae9e4ebib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10809","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-22-10809-2022","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Methane emissions from china: a high-resolution inversion of TROPOMI satellite observations","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"erlae9e4ebib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-67122-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Worldwide inference of national methane emissions by inversion of satellite observations with UNFCCC prior estimates","volume":"16","author":"East","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. 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Lett."},{"key":"erlae9e4ebib9","article-title":"Global coal mine tracker, May 2025 release (dataset)","author":"Global energy monitor","year":"2025","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"erlae9e4ebib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2024gl109065","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Unveiling unprecedented methane hotspots in China\u2019s leading coal production hub: a satellite mapping revelation","volume":"51","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"erlae9e4ebib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-17-2937-2024","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A survey of methane point source emissions from coal mines in Shanxi province of China using AHSI on board Gaofen-5B","volume":"17","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"erlae9e4ebib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179925","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Measurement of fugitive methane emissions from an abandoned coal exploration hole in Queensland, Australia using a Quantum Gas LiDAR","volume":"992","author":"Hoerning","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"erlae9e4ebib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s40789-024-00700-1","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Merging TROPOMI and eddy covariance observations to quantify 5-years of daily CH4 emissions over coal-mine dominated region","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Sci. Technol."},{"key":"erlae9e4ebib14","article-title":"Global methane tracker 2026. Paris: international energy agency","author":"Iea","year":"2026","type":"report"},{"key":"erlae9e4ebib15","author":"Ipcc","year":"2006","type":"book"},{"key":"erlae9e4ebib16","article-title":"2019 refinement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories","author":"Ipcc","year":"2019","type":"book"},{"key":"erlae9e4ebib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adv3183","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Global energy sector methane emissions estimated by using facility-level satellite observations","volume":"390","author":"Jervis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"erlae9e4ebib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-14-2127-2021","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The GHGSat-D imaging spectrometer","volume":"14","author":"Jervis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. 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Change"},{"key":"erlae9e4ebib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c07933","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fossil-fuel and food systems equally dominate anthropogenic methane emissions in China","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"erlae9e4ebib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2023jd039906","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An independent evaluation of GHGSat methane emissions: performance assessment","volume":"129","author":"Mclinden","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"erlae9e4ebib27","article-title":"Notice on issuing the methane emissions control action plan. Beijing:ministry of ecology and environment of the people\u2019s republic of China","author":"Mee","year":"2023","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"erlae9e4ebib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108375","type":"journal-article","article-title":"High-resolution assessment of coal mining methane emissions by satellite in Shanxi, China","volume":"26","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"erlae9e4ebib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14924","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c14976","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Remote sensing enables basin-scale inventories of coal mine methane","volume":"60","author":"Penn","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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USA"}],"container-title":["Environmental Research Letters"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ae9e4e","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ae9e4e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ae9e4e","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ae9e4e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ae9e4e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ae9e4e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ae9e4e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ae9e4e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:21:41Z","timestamp":1788420101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ae9e4e"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ae9e4e","relation":{},"ISSN":["1748-9326"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1748-9326","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Observation-based mine-level methane emission factors uncover inventory biases and constrain emissions from Shanxi\u2019s Coal Mines","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Environmental Research Letters","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2025-07-26","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-08-25","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-09-03","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}