{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T14:41:25Z","timestamp":1792248085281,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]],"date-time":"2018-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]],"date-time":"2018-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Breath Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tongue coating (TC), a grayish-white deposit on the tongue, is the main cause of intra-oral halitosis (IOH), a socially unacceptable condition. This review covers the general features of TC, including its formation and the factors that influence it. Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are the principal elements of IOH, and TC and periodontal diseases are the two main sources of VSCs. This review covers the relationship between VSCs, TC, and periodontal disease. We comprehensively discuss the methods employed to quantify TC, its microbial composition, its influence on general health and its importance in general medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/aaa3a1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,22]],"date-time":"2017-12-22T11:05:13Z","timestamp":1513940713000},"page":"034001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Tongue coating: its characteristics and role in intra-oral halitosis and general health\u2014a review"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8297-2430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kavitha","family":"Seerangaiyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Groningen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frits","family":"J\u00fcch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Groningen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin G","family":"Winkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Groningen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2009.00630.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Prevalence of halitosis in the population of the city of Bern, Switzerland: a study comparing self-reported and clinical data","volume":"117","author":"Bornstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17101","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/8\/1\/017101","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Halitosis management by the general dental practitioner\u2014results of an international consensus workshop","volume":"8","author":"Seemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1996.0425","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A breath of fresh air","volume":"127","author":"Meskin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00862.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Oral malodor-related parameters in the Chinese general population","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2009.01478.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Characteristics of 2000 patients who visited a halitosis clinic","volume":"36","author":"Quirynen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e128","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.51102","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Prevalence of tongue lesions in the Indian population","volume":"5","author":"Patil","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib7","author":"Huguley","year":"1990","edition":"3rd edn","type":"book"},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)02308-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"HIV-related oral disease","volume":"348","author":"Greenspan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.61872\/sdj-2014-12-02","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Knowledge of different medical and dental professional groups in Switzerland about halitosis","volume":"124","author":"Roth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Swiss Dent. J."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1992.63.9.783","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Biochemical and clinical factors influencing oral malodor in periodontal patients","volume":"63","author":"Yaegaki","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5357\/koubyou.73.26","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Observation of the ultrastructure of the tongue coating","volume":"73","author":"Watanabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"K\u014dk\u016bby\u014d Gakkai Zasshi. J. Stomatol. Soc. Japan"},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-5037.2003.00034.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tongue coating and tongue brushing: a literature review","volume":"1","author":"Danser","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent. Hyg."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8546-9-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Problems and prospects of current studies on the microecology of tongue coating","volume":"9","author":"Ye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2001.028010970.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tongue coating and salivary bacterial counts in healthy\/gingivitis subjects and periodontitis patients","volume":"28","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib15","first-page":"18","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Understanding diagnostic reasoning in TCM practice: tongue diagnosis","volume":"15","author":"Anastasi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Altern. Ther. Health Med."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2007.0325","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Identification of oral bacterial species associated with halitosis","volume":"138","author":"Haraszthy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2001.112543","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Characteristics of patients complaining of halitosis and the usefulness of gas chromatography for diagnosing halitosis","volume":"91","author":"Oho","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oral Surgery, Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endodontology"},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46118-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide-producing bacteria in tongue biofilm and their relationship with oral malodour","volume":"54","author":"Washio","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1992.tb01673.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air from clinically healthy subjects and patients with periodontal disease","volume":"27","author":"Yaegaki","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1988.tb01318.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Oral hygiene\u2014why neglect the tongue?","volume":"33","author":"Ralph","year":"1988","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1998.0109","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Why clean your tongue?","volume":"129","author":"Christensen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12031","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tongue coating: related factors","volume":"40","author":"Van Tornout","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2006.050141","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Short-term side effects of 0.2% alcohol-free chlorhexidine mouthrinse used as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment: a double-blind clinical study","volume":"77","author":"G\u00fcrgan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjopharm.2006.09.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tongue discoloration in an elderly kidney transplant recipient: treatment-related adverse event?","volume":"4","author":"Amir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Pharmacother."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib25","first-page":"11","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The tongue: the new role in oral health care, the old role in disease diagnosis","volume":"42","author":"Alan","year":"1983","journal-title":"TIC"},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2007.08.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tongue-coating as risk indicator for aspiration pneumonia in edentate elderly","volume":"47","author":"Abe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.5272\/jimab.2012182.188","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tongue coating in patients with gastrointestinal and liver diseases","volume":"18","author":"Panov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jof IMAB"},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1977.48.1.13","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Production and origin of oral malodor: a review of mechanisms and methods of analysis","volume":"48","author":"Tonzetich","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17003","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/4\/1\/017003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Extra-oral halitosis: an overview","volume":"4","author":"Tangerman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1995.66.8.679","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Correlation between volatile sulphur compounds and certain oral health measurements in the general population","volume":"66","author":"Miyazaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1994.65.1.37","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Relationship of oral malodor to periodontitis: evidence of independence in discrete subpopulations","volume":"65","author":"Bosy","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1998.69.3.374","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The effect of a 1-stage full-mouth disinfection on oral malodor and microbial colonization of the tongue in periodontitis; a pilot study","volume":"69","author":"Quirynen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345840630071701","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan on the permeability of oral mucosa","volume":"63","author":"Ng","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1996.tb00499.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of methyl mercaptan on synthesis and degradation of collagen","volume":"31","author":"Johnson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1999.70.5.485","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The relationship between oral malodor, gingivitis, and periodontitis. a review","volume":"70","author":"Ratcliff","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2007.01733.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"New method for evaluation of tongue-coating status","volume":"34","author":"Shimizu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib37","first-page":"123","type":"book","article-title":"Assessment of impressed toothbrush as a method of sampling microbiota","author":"Hartley","year":"1996"},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2009.01592.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A digital tongue imaging system for tongue coating evaluation in patients with oral malodour","volume":"15","author":"J Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345750540062601","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects of tongue brushing on tongue coating and dental plaque scores","volume":"54","author":"Gross","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.5794\/jjoms.31.1659","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Clinical studies on the coated tongue","volume":"31","author":"Kojima","year":"1985","journal-title":"Japanese J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2003.00342.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Clinical effects of a new mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride and zinc-lactate on oral halitosis. A dual-center, double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"30","author":"Winkel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2006.01261.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Evaluation of tongue coating indices","volume":"13","author":"Lundgren","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17008","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/2\/1\/017008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tongue biofilm areal density and tongue coating index","volume":"2","author":"Saad","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.09.008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The relationship of the oral microbiotia to periodontal health and disease","volume":"10","author":"Curtis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-6440201302266","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dynamics of microbial colonization of the oral cavity in newborns","volume":"24","author":"Nelson-Filho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. Dent. J."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345870660080201","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The surface area of the adult human mouth and thickness of the salivary film covering the teeth and oral mucosa","volume":"66","author":"Collins","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1996.0239","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Clinical assessment of bad breath: current concepts","volume":"127","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(82)90281-X","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Prevalence of different morphologic forms of the human tongue in young Finns","volume":"53","author":"Kullaa-Mikkonen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1995.0049","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Assessing the contribution of anaerobic microflora of the tongue to oral malodor","volume":"126","author":"De Boever","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(08)70003-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Topographic distribution of bacteria associated with oral malodour on the tongue","volume":"53","author":"Allaker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3109\/08910609609166462","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The Tongue Microbiota of low odour and malodorous individuals","volume":"9","author":"Hartley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2003.00376.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Distribution of selected bacterial species on intraoral surfaces","volume":"30","author":"Mager","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1989.tb00246.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The capacity of subgingival microbiotas to produce volatile sulfur compounds in human serum","volume":"4","author":"Persson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.05.021","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Contribution of periodontal pathogens on tongue dorsa analyzed with real-time PCR to oral malodor","volume":"6","author":"Tanaka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib55","first-page":"114","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Relationship between volatile sulfur compounds, BANA-hydrolyzing bacteria and gingival health in patients with and without complaints of oral malodor","volume":"4","author":"De Boever","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.2.558-563.2003","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Diversity of bacterial populations on the tongue dorsa of patients with halitosis and healthy patients","volume":"41","author":"Kazor","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2005.09.036","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The relationship between oral malodor and volatile sulfur compound-producing bacteria","volume":"135","author":"Krespi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Otolaryngol.\u2014Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1080\/08910609908540832","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tongue microbiota and malodour: effects of metronidazole mouthrinse on tongue microbiota and breath odour","volume":"11","author":"Hartley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S1075-9964(03)00109-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Anaerobic bacteria cultured from the tongue dorsum of subjects with oral malodor","volume":"9","author":"Tyrrell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2005.01094.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microbiological culture analysis of the tongue anaerobic microflora in subjects with and without halitosis","volume":"11","author":"Donaldson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2007.00355.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cultivable bacteria in infected root canals as identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing","volume":"22","author":"Siqueira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2007.01371.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Molecular identification of bacteria on the tongue dorsum of subjects with and without halitosis","volume":"14","author":"Riggio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17002","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/2\/1\/017002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Characterization and prevalence of solobacterium moorei associated with oral halitosis","volume":"2","author":"Haraszthy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46006","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/7\/4\/046006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The role of solobacterium moorei in oral malodour","volume":"7","author":"Vancauwenberghe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.01.007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"In vitro growth characteristics and volatile sulfur compound production of Solobacterium moorei","volume":"26","author":"Stephen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2012.09.011","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Characterization of volatile sulfur compound production by Solobacterium moorei","volume":"57","author":"Tanabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36010","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/aa7c24","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The tongue microbiome in healthy subjects and patients with intra-oral halitosis","volume":"11","author":"Seerangaiyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513507065","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microbial basis of oral malodor development in humans","volume":"92","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5721","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.11.5721-5732.2005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity","volume":"43","author":"Aas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2002.280111.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microbiology and treatment of halitosis","volume":"28","author":"Loesche","year":"2002","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0303-6979.2004.00507.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Impact of tongue cleansers on microbial load and taste","volume":"31","author":"Quirynen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2015.03.014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Beyond microbial community composition: functional activities of the oral microbiome in health and disease","volume":"17","author":"Duran-Pinedo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1997.tb00241.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"On the transformation of sulfur-containing amino acids and peptides to volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in the human mouth","volume":"105","author":"W\u00e5ler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"jbraaa3a1bib74","author":"WHO","year":"2012","type":"book"}],"container-title":["Journal of Breath Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/aaa3a1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/aaa3a1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/aaa3a1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/aaa3a1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/aaa3a1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/aaa3a1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/aaa3a1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/aaa3a1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/aaa3a1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/aaa3a1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/aaa3a1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/aaa3a1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T12:35:16Z","timestamp":1779539716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/aaa3a1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/aaa3a1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-7155","1752-7163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-7155","type":"print"},{"value":"1752-7163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Tongue coating: its characteristics and role in intra-oral halitosis and general health\u2014a review","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Breath Research","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2017-09-19","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2017-12-22","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2018-03-06","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}