{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:37:57Z","timestamp":1792467477579,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/page\/copyright"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81900494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81900494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Breath Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Characteristics of extra-oral halitosis induced by functional constipation (FC) have never been revealed. To address this, this prospective cohort was conducted with 100 FC patients, who were divided into a halitosis group and a negative group. Organoleptic score (OLS) \u2a7e 2 in nose breath was diagnosed as extra-oral halitosis. Concentration of overall volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) measured by Halimeter, concentration of hydrogen sulfide (HS), methanethiol (MT), dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and their total amount measured by OralChroma in nose breath was recorded as <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>-VSC, <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>-HS, <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>-MT, <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>-DMS and <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>-sum respectively. We found that 82% (82\/100) of the FC patients had extra-oral halitosis. However, only 12.5% (3\/82) and 1.22% (1\/82) of halitosis group were correctly diagnosed with the current diagnostic threshold of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>-VSC \u2a7e 110 parts per billion (ppb) and \u2a7e150 ppb. <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>-VSC, <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>-DMS and <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>-sum were significantly higher in the halitosis group compared to the negative group (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), with ratios of about 2.2 times, 3.1 times and 2.1 times respectively. <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>-HS and <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>-MT were low and not significantly different between the groups. Positive correlations were observed among OLS, <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>-VSC, <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>-DMS and <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>-sum. The area under curve of receiver operating characteristics of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>-VSC<jats:italic>, C<\/jats:italic>-DMS and <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>-sum for predicting FC-induced halitosis was 0.909, 0.9073 and 0.962 respectively, with the threshold values of \u2a7e36 ppb, \u2a7e52 ppb and \u2a7e75 ppb respectively. Therefore, we conclude that: (1) DMS is the primary contributor to FC-induced extra-oral halitosis. (2) OLS, Halimeter and OralChroma are consistent in detecting FC-induced extra-oral halitosis. (3) The diagnostic threshold for Halimeter should be adjusted to <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>-VSC \u2a7e 36 ppb and the diagnostic threshold for OralChroma should be set as <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>-DMS \u2a7e 52 ppb for diagnosing FC-induced extra-oral halitosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad2213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T22:23:06Z","timestamp":1706134986000},"page":"026006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Characteristics of extra-oral halitosis induced by functional constipation: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6559-0596","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiao Xian","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"jbrad2213bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12725","article-title":"Halitosis: prevalence, risk factors, sources, measurement and treatment\u2013a review of the literature","volume":"65","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. 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All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2023-09-23","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-01-24","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-02-01","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}