{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T03:45:13Z","timestamp":1766720713542,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/page\/copyright"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721174400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Technology Innovation Program funded by Ministry of Trade, Indus-try & Energ","award":["20013621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20013621"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Korea government","award":["No.NRF-2022M3H4A3053304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.NRF-2022M3H4A3053304"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Korea","award":["NRF-2019R1A6A1A11055660."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1A6A1A11055660."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Breath Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Although the associations between a patient\u2019s body mass index (BMI) and metabolic diseases, as well as their breath test results, have been studied, the relationship between breath hydrogen\/methane levels and metabolic diseases needs to be further clarified. We aimed to investigate how the composition of exhaled breath gases relates to metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and their key risk factors. An analysis was performed using the medical records, including the lactulose breath test (LBT) data of patients who visited the Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea, between January 2016 and December 2021. The patients were grouped according to four different criteria for LBT hydrogen and methane levels. Of 441 patients, 325 (72.1%) had positive results for methane only (hydrogen &lt; 20 parts per million [ppm] and methane \u2a7e 3 ppm). BMIs and NAFLD prevalence were higher in patients with only methane positivity than in patients with hydrogen and methane positivity (hydrogen \u2a7e 20 ppm and methane \u2a7e 3 ppm). According to a multivariate analysis, the odds ratio of only methane positivity was 2.002 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.244\u20133.221, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.004) for NAFLD. Our results demonstrate that breath methane positivity is related to NAFLD and suggest that increased methane gas on the breath tests has the potential to be an easily measurable biomarker for NAFLD diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad5faf","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T22:24:19Z","timestamp":1720218259000},"page":"046005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Methane gas in breath test is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sanggwon","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eui-young","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junho","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyunseong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0304-7360","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jungho","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyusik","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3317-4405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susie","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bom-Taeck","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1213-5004","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyu-Nam","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8406-4324","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wooyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"jbrad5fafbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362","article-title":"Obesity collaborators 2017 Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years","volume":"377","author":"GBD","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcx152","article-title":"Complications of obesity","volume":"111","author":"Kinlen","year":"2018","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00034.2018","article-title":"Mechanistic links between obesity, diabetes, and blood pressure: role of perivascular adipose tissue","volume":"99","author":"Saxton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2014\/6691.3953","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in obesity","volume":"8","author":"Patell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.09.003","article-title":"Genetics and epigenetics of NAFLD and NASH: clinical impact","volume":"68","author":"Eslam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.34168","article-title":"Expanding the natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: from cryptogenic cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"123","author":"Bugianesi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21103","article-title":"Similarities and differences in outcomes of cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatitis C","volume":"43","author":"Sanyal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1126\/science.336.6086.1245","article-title":"The gut microbiota","volume":"336","author":"Mueller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002533","article-title":"Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body","volume":"14","author":"Sender","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0306-8","article-title":"Importance of gut microbiota in obesity","volume":"72","author":"Cornejo-Pareja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutrition"},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16731","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804812105","article-title":"Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients","volume":"105","author":"Sokol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.2887","article-title":"Lower Bifidobacteria counts in both duodenal mucosa-associated and fecal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome patients","volume":"15","author":"Kerckhoffs","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26319","article-title":"2013 intestinal microbiota in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"58","author":"Mouzaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-012510-175505","article-title":"Interactions between gut microbiota and host metabolism predisposing to obesity and diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Musso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05414","article-title":"An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest","volume":"444","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061323","article-title":"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: what do we know in 2023?","volume":"15","author":"Gudan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2017.32.6.948","article-title":"Obesity is inversely related to hydrogen-producing small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in non-constipation irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib18","first-page":"22","article-title":"Intestinal methane production in obese individuals is associated with a higher body mass index","volume":"8","author":"Basseri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.09.055","article-title":"Breath testing for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: maximizing test accuracy","volume":"12","author":"Saad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3289(00)00039-0","article-title":"Ways of measuring drinking patterns and the difference they make: experience with graduated frequencies","volume":"12","author":"Greenfield","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse"},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24452","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy and reliability of ultrasonography for the detection of fatty liver: a meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Hernaez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3837","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i25.3837","article-title":"Gut microbiota in obesity","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6204","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.6204","article-title":"Hydrogen breath test for the diagnosis of lactose intolerance, is the routine sugar load the best one?","volume":"14","author":"Argnani","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7563","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i24.7563","article-title":"Four-sample lactose hydrogen breath test for diagnosis of lactose malabsorption in irritable bowel syndrome patients with diarrhea","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000501","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: small intestinal bacterial overgrowth","volume":"115","author":"Pimentel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.46","article-title":"Hydrogen and methane-based breath testing in gastrointestinal disorders: the North American consensus","volume":"112","author":"Rezaie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10011","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602187103","article-title":"A humanized gnotobiotic mouse model of host-archaeal-bacterial mutualism","volume":"103","author":"Samuel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fnv092","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnv092","article-title":"Methanogen communities in stools of humans of different age and health status and co-occurrence with bacteria","volume":"362","author":"Vanderhaeghen","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.17235\/reed.2017.5017\/2017","article-title":"The association between a positive lactulose methane breath test and rectocele in constipated patients","volume":"110","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Enferm. Dig."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4764","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.4764","article-title":"Methane and constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: entwining pillars of emerging neurogastroenterology","volume":"11","author":"Bin Waqar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000165665.94777.bd","article-title":"Breath methane associated with slow colonic transit time in children with chronic constipation","volume":"39","author":"Soares","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-009-1012-0","article-title":"Methane and the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"55","author":"Sahakian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030573","article-title":"Association between gut dysbiosis and the occurrence of SIBO, LIBO, SIFO and IMO","volume":"11","author":"Banaszak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2016.06.003","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver and the gut microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Bashiardes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/08910600601048969","article-title":"Methanogenic archaea in adult human faecal samples are inversely related to butyrate concentration","volume":"18","author":"Abell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol. Health Dis."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1213","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids protect against high-fat diet\u2013induced obesity via a PPAR\u03b3-dependent switch from lipogenesis to fat oxidation","volume":"64","author":"Den Besten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11595","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201901327R","article-title":"Circulating levels of butyrate are inversely related to portal hypertension, endotoxemia, and systemic inflammation in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"33","author":"Juanola","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063388","article-title":"Butyrate-producing probiotics reduce nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression in rats: new insight into the probiotics for the gut-liver axis","volume":"8","author":"Endo","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7063","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007063","article-title":"High prevalence of Methanobrevibacter smithii and Methanosphaera stadtmanae detected in the human gut using an improved DNA detection protocol","volume":"4","author":"Dridi","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03958.x","article-title":"The domain Archaea in human mucosal surfaces","volume":"18","author":"Matarazzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infection"},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2015.00219","article-title":"From next-generation sequencing to systematic modeling of the gut microbiome","volume":"6","author":"Ji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"jbrad5fafbib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11040530","article-title":"An introduction to next generation sequencing bioinformatic analysis in gut microbiome studies","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"}],"container-title":["Journal of Breath Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad5faf","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad5faf\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad5faf","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad5faf\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad5faf\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad5faf\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad5faf\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad5faf\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T14:29:20Z","timestamp":1749911360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad5faf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad5faf","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-7155","1752-7163"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1752-7155"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1752-7163"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Methane gas in breath test is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Breath Research","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2023-11-08","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-07-05","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-07-17","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}