{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T12:21:27Z","timestamp":1781180487050,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/page\/copyright"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81900494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81900494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Medicine, Teaching and Research Collaborative Health Service System of Minhang District","award":["High level Specialized Backbone Physician Training Project (2024-2027)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["High level Specialized Backbone Physician Training Project (2024-2027)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Breath Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Idiopathic halitosis is an unusual condition of unclear causes, which has never been thoroughly investigated. We aimed to explore the role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in the pathogenesis of idiopathic halitosis, and to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of a probiotic preparation on this condition. This retrospective observational study included 162 idiopathic halitosis patients and 198 healthy controls (HCs). Halitosis was diagnosed using the organoleptic test, and idiopathic halitosis was diagnosed by excluding known causes. SIBO was identified through the hydrogen\/methane lactulose breath test, and accordingly, patients were identified as SIBO-positive or SIBO-negative. Idiopathic halitosis patients were treated with the probiotic preparation <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic> triple viable capsule for two months, followed by re-evaluation of halitosis and SIBO. This study found that all cases of idiopathic halitosis were extra-oral. The SIBO positivity rate in idiopathic halitosis patients was significantly higher than that in HCs (74.69% [121\/162] vs 3.03% [6\/198], <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), with an odds ratio of 94.44% (95% CI: 39.99%\u2013211.35%). After treatment, 80.17% (97\/121) of the SIBO-positive patients became SIBO-negative. Moreover, 87.60% (106\/121) of the SIBO-positive patients experienced improved halitosis, a rate significantly higher than that observed in SIBO-negative patients (2.75%, 3\/41) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). In addition, 98.97% (96\/97) of the post-treatment SIBO-negative patients experienced improved halitosis, a rate significantly higher than that of post-treatment sustained SIBO-positive patients (41.67%, 10\/24) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Our findings suggest that idiopathic halitosis is an extra-oral condition which mostly originates from the small intestine. SIBO is one of its underlying causes. The probiotic preparation can effectively improve idiopathic halitosis, probably through its impact on SIBO.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad8e7e","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T22:50:25Z","timestamp":1730760625000},"page":"016005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Therapeutic efficacy of a probiotic preparation on idiopathic halitosis: a retrospective observational study"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ye Kan \u70e8\u4f83","family":"Li \u674e","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4477-8998","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fu Yuan \u798f\u5143","family":"Mou \u725f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6559-0596","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiao Xian \u5b5d\u5148","family":"Qian \u94b1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12725","article-title":"Halitosis: prevalence, risk factors, sources, measurement and treatment\u2013a review of the literature","volume":"65","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J"},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00862.x","article-title":"Oral malodor-related parameters in the Chinese general population","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13530","article-title":"The association between halitosis and oral-health-related quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Schertel Cassiano","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.15085","article-title":"An updated categorization of pathologic extraoral halitosis","author":"Qian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-595x.2002.tb00925.x","article-title":"Halitosis in medicine: a review","volume":"52","author":"Tangerman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E20","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2013.329","article-title":"Dimethylsulphidemia: the significance of dimethyl sulphide in extra-oral, blood borne halitosis","volume":"214","author":"Harvey-Woodworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310100831","article-title":"Successful treatment of gut-caused halitosis with a suspension of living non-pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria\u2013a case report","volume":"160","author":"Henker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i22.3400","article-title":"Epidemiology of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth","volume":"29","author":"Efremova","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.13189","article-title":"Impact of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth on symptoms and quality of life in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Chuah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.46","article-title":"Hydrogen and methane-based breath testing in gastrointestinal disorders: the North American consensus","volume":"112","author":"Rezaie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102725","article-title":"Volatomics in inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Van Malderen","year":"2020","journal-title":"EbioMedicine"},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2016.15375","article-title":"Effect of probiotics on small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with gastric and colorectal cancer","volume":"27","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.2006.B0987","article-title":"A probiotic treatment containing Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus improves IBS symptoms in an open label trial","volume":"7","author":"Fan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8432","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7045","article-title":"The effect of perioperative probiotics treatment for colorectal cancer: short-term outcomes of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31823aace6","article-title":"Preoperative probiotics decrease postoperative infectious complications of colorectal cancer","volume":"343","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-020-00379-0","article-title":"The prophylactic effects of BIFICO on the antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis and gut microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/8\/1\/017101","article-title":"Halitosis management by the general dental practitioner\u2013results of an international consensus workshop","volume":"8","author":"Seemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2009.01473.x","article-title":"Clinical reliability of non-organoleptic oral malodour measurements","volume":"36","author":"Vandekerckhove","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-22-3335","article-title":"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth is associated with clinical relapse in patients with quiescent Crohn\u2019s disease: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad2213","article-title":"Characteristics of extra-oral halitosis induced by functional constipation: a prospective cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Qian","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2009.05.026","article-title":"Measurement and biological significance of the volatile sulfur compounds hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol and dimethyl sulfide in various biological matrices","volume":"877","author":"Tangerman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2007.01116.x","article-title":"Intra- and extra-oral halitosis: finding of a new form of extra-oral blood-borne halitosis caused by dimethyl sulphide","volume":"34","author":"Tangerman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/4\/1\/017003","article-title":"Extra-oral halitosis: an overview","volume":"4","author":"Tangerman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"jbrad8e7ebib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-022-01292-x","article-title":"Asian-Pacific consensus on small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in gastrointestinal disorders: an initiative of the Indian Neurogastroenterology and Motility Association","volume":"41","author":"Ghoshal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Gastroenterol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Breath Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad8e7e","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad8e7e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad8e7e","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad8e7e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad8e7e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad8e7e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad8e7e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad8e7e\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T12:16:29Z","timestamp":1731672989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad8e7e"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ad8e7e","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-7155","1752-7163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-7155","type":"print"},{"value":"1752-7163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Therapeutic efficacy of a probiotic preparation on idiopathic halitosis: a retrospective observational study","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Breath Research","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2024-03-11","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-11-04","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-11-12","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}