{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T09:48:30Z","timestamp":1775728110072,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31872726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017607","name":"Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JCYJ20230807114612024 and JCYJ20220530160416036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20230807114612024 and JCYJ20220530160416036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Breath Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Exhaled breath is a noninvasive and repeatable biological matrix offering new opportunities for respiratory microbiome analysis, yet its extremely low microbial biomass limits current high-throughput applications. Building on our previously developed phase-change drywall cyclone sampler (PDC-sampler), which integrates condensational growth with dry-wall cyclone separation, we established a validated workflow for efficient aerosol collection and multi-Omics sequencing of exhaled breath. Using this platform, exhaled breath from 15 febrile patients and 6 healthy volunteers was analyzed via shotgun metagenomic and 16 S rRNA sequencing to assess microbial composition, diversity, and functional features. The PDC-sampler significantly increased microbial DNA yield, enabling stable detection of bacterial taxa dominated by\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonadota, Bacillota, Bacteroidota<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Actinomycetota<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Functional annotations and diversity metrics revealed distinct microbial and metabolic patterns between individuals, confirming the platform\u2019s analytical sensitivity and biological representativeness. This work experimentally validates the feasibility of exhaled breath microbiome sequencing using the PDC-sampler, providing a practical and generalizable framework for noninvasive respiratory microecology studies and future diagnostic applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/ae5a51","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T22:48:55Z","timestamp":1775083735000},"page":"026006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feasibility of low-biomass exhaled breath microbiome sequencing using a PDC-sampler in febrile and healthy individuals"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2452-2298","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Weihao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manman","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengqing","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yemin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haotian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9499-9366","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dianhuai","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9568-4171","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xinping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Longhua","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zuhong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2706-2191","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Quanjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"jbrae5a51bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0843-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks","volume":"26","author":"Leung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12125","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c05657","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Multiplexed nanomaterial-based sensor array for detection of COVID-19 in exhaled breath","volume":"14","author":"Shan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2021830118","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Exhaled aerosol increases with COVID-19 infection, age, and obesity","volume":"118","author":"Edwards","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.8b00937","type":"journal-article","volume":"4","author":"G\u00fcntner","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4469","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.4c01524","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Nose-on-chip nanobiosensors for early detection of lung cancer breath biomarkers","volume":"9","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202309481","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Nanowire array breath acetone sensor for diabetes monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b04930","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of 17 diseases from 1404 subjects via pattern analysis of exhaled molecules","volume":"11","author":"Nakhleh","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn6471","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A smart mask for exhaled breath condensate harvesting and analysis","volume":"385","author":"Heng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-024-01887-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the human upper respiratory tract microbiome reveals robust taxonomic associations with health and disease","volume":"22","author":"Quinn-Bohmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2011.01977.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Detection of microorganisms in exhaled breath condensate during acute exacerbations of COPD","volume":"16","author":"Zakharkina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.05.011","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"138","author":"Barnes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10122697","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Exhaled breath condensate\u2014A non-invasive approach for diagnostic methods in asthma","volume":"10","author":"Po\u0142omska","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2009.235","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Diagnosing lung cancer in exhaled breath using gold nanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Peng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s41664-021-00194-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mass spectrometry-based human breath analysis: towards COVID-19 diagnosis and research","volume":"5","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anal. Test."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.103154","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Metabolomics of exhaled breath in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a pilot study","volume":"63","author":"Grassin-Delyle","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7330","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c06572","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ultrarapid collection of high-concentration viral samples from small-volume exhaled breath for respiratory virus surveillance","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12440","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Exhaled breath condensate contains extracellular vesicles (EVs) that carry miRNA cargos of lung tissue origin that can be selectively purified and analyzed","volume":"13","author":"Mitchell","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.3c00512","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Rapid direct detection of SARS-CoV\u20102 aerosols in exhaled breath at the point of care","volume":"8","author":"Ghumra","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.5c00021","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ultrasensitive love-SAW biosensor based on self-assembled DMSN@AuNPs with In Situ amplification for detecting biomarker procalcitonin in exhaled breath condensate","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-021-00391-x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Enriched opportunistic pathogens revealed by metagenomic sequencing hint potential linkages between pharyngeal microbiota and COVID-19","volume":"36","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1291980","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Etiology of lower respiratory tract in pneumonia based on metagenomic next-generation sequencing: a retrospective study","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00859-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Engineering CRISPR\/Cas9 to mitigate abundant host contamination for 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00515","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00515-17","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microbiota in exhaled breath condensate and the lung","volume":"83","author":"Glendinning","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1747363","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Transcriptomic characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in COVID-19 patients","volume":"9","author":"Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.14","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The microbiota of the respiratory tract: gatekeeper to respiratory health","volume":"15","author":"Man","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-025-00953-z","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Characteristics of the microbiota in the nasopharynx and nasal cavity of healthy children before and during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"21","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2021.02.030","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-derived microbiome obtained from exhaled breath condensate in patients with asthma","volume":"126","author":"An","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Allerg. Asthma Im."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-02132-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The respiratory microbiota alpha-diversity in chronic lung diseases: first systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Avalos-Fernandez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04068-z","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Composition and diversity analysis of the lung microbiome in patients with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"26","author":"Fenn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofaa251","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa251","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Altered patterns of compositional and functional disruption of the gut microbiota in typhoid fever and nontyphoidal febrile illness","volume":"7","author":"Haak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00029705","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Exhaled breath condensate: methodological recommendations and unresolved questions","volume":"26","author":"Hunt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2025.2537910","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Molecular profiling of exhaled breath condensate in respiratory diseases","volume":"57","author":"Malerba","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-083115-022438","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The microbiome and human biology","volume":"18","author":"Knight","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. G"},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-024-00376-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Analysis of metagenomic data","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Meth. Primers"},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01067-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pre-digest of unprotected DNA by Benzonase improves the representation of living skin bacteria and efficiently depletes host DNA","volume":"9","author":"Amar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"jbrae5a51bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07290-3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Host DNA depletion on frozen human respiratory samples enables successful metagenomic sequencing for microbiome studies","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Breath Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ae5a51","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ae5a51\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ae5a51","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ae5a51\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ae5a51\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ae5a51\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ae5a51\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ae5a51\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T08:49:16Z","timestamp":1775724556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ae5a51"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1752-7163\/ae5a51","relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-7155","1752-7163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-7155","type":"print"},{"value":"1752-7163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Feasibility of low-biomass exhaled breath microbiome sequencing using a PDC-sampler in febrile and healthy individuals","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Breath Research","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2025-11-26","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-04-01","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-04-09","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}