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Breath Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Lung cancer (LC) remains a global public health problem. To minimize late diagnosis, new detection techniques are needed. The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in human breath (the volatilome) represents a non-invasive alternative to current methods for the early detection of LC. In this study, VOCs were determined in the breath of individuals with LC (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 22) and without LC (non-LC,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 21) using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were conducted on a subset of 54 VOC ions (out of 180). Twenty-one of the 54 VOC ions were detected in exhaled breath. CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and C\n                    <jats:sub>8<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>7<\/jats:sub>\n                    NH\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    were found only in participants without cancer. Among the 19 common ions present in both cohorts, the intensities of 8 ions were statistically different. The LC\/non-LC ratios were observed for C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>8<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , followed by C\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    OH\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , C\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    OH\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , C\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ONH\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , C\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , C\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , C\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>8<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and C\n                    <jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sub>8<\/jats:sub>\n                    H\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Spearman correlation analysis could be used to differentiate metabolic processes or pathways between cohorts. Diagnostic ratio is a potential tool to classify individuals with or without LC. This study provides exploratory evidence for exhaled VOCs as potential LC biomarkers and positions them as a complement to current diagnostic pathways, with a potential role in supporting early triage and clinical decision-making.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/ae8ffc","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T22:50:31Z","timestamp":1784933431000},"page":"036008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A novel approach to non-invasive lung cancer screening via exhaled breath analysis using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4233-7424","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maribel","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Camarillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Change"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5707-8999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Campos-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Change"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6494-2449","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fernando","family":"Vera-N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Change"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1980-8486","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A","family":"Enrique Hern\u00e1ndez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Change"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1132-5308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogelio","family":"P\u00e9rez-Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1973-591X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jimena Alejandra","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3708-7368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robinson Emmanuel","family":"Robles-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas Ram\u00f3n","family":"Sosa-Chombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos\u00edo Villegas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9869-890X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna C","family":"Neville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1060-1750","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pawel K","family":"Misztal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4020-7183","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Omar","family":"Amador-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Change"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"jbrae8ffcbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidance and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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