{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T04:51:10Z","timestamp":1790484670812,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["51533002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51533002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["17JC1400200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17JC1400200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2018M632020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018M632020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2016YFC1100300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC1100300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biofabrication"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    While various porous scaffolds have been developed, the focused study about which structure leads to better mechanics is rare. In this study, we designed porous scaffolds with tetragonal, hexagonal and wheel-like structures under a given porosity, and fabricated corresponding poly(lactic acid) (PLA) scaffolds with three-dimensional printing. High-resolution micro-computed tomography was carried out to calculate their experimental porosity and confirm their high interconnectivity. The theoretical and experimental compressive properties in the longitudinal direction were characterized by finite element analysis method and electromechanical universal testing system, respectively. Thereinto, the scaffold with the tetragonal structure exhibited higher mechanical strength both theoretically and experimentally. Creep and stress relaxation behaviors of the scaffolds revealed that the tetragonal scaffold had less significant viscoelasticity. Immersion dynamic mechanical analysis was performed to test their cycle-loading fatigue behaviors in the simulated body fluid at 37 \u00b0C; the tetragonal scaffold exhibited the latest fatigue beginning point at 4400 cycles, which indicated a better anti-fatigue performance; the hexagonal and wheel-like ones exhibited the middle and earliest fatigue beginning points at 3200 and 2500 cycles, respectively. What is more, cytocompatibility and histocompatibility of the scaffolds with all of the structures were confirmed by cell counting kit-8 assay\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and three-month subcutaneous implantation in rats\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Hence, the key property difference of the three examined structures comes from their mechanics; the tetragonal structure exhibited better mechanics in the longitudinal direction examined in this study, which could be taken into consideration in design of a porous scaffold for tissue engineering and regeneration.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab0f59","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]],"date-time":"2019-03-13T18:16:00Z","timestamp":1552500960000},"page":"035009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Structural mechanics of 3D-printed poly(lactic acid) scaffolds with tetragonal, hexagonal and wheel-like designs"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingming","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weike","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuli","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuquan","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingsong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7527-5760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiandong","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bfab0f59bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1421","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Porous scaffold design for tissue engineering","volume":"4","author":"Hollister","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00121-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Scaffolds in tissue engineering bone and cartilage","volume":"21","author":"Hutmacher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015006","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/aae421","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fabrication of a thick three-dimensional scaffold with an open cellular-like structure using airbrushing and thermal cross-linking of molded short nanofibers","volume":"11","author":"Abdalla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2003.09.029","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A novel method for biomaterial scaffold internal architecture design to match bone elastic properties with desired porosity","volume":"37","author":"Cheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1039\/C8QM00152A","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Design and preparation of quasi-spherical salt particles as water-soluble porogens to fabricate hydrophobic porous scaffolds for tissue engineering and tissue regeneration","volume":"2","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Front."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(199607)31:3<385::AID-JBM13>3.0.CO;2-I","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Bone regeneration with resorbable polymeric membranes: III. Effect of poly(L-lactide) membrane pore size on the bone healing process in large defects","volume":"31","author":"Pineda","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2018.03.205","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of porous structure and pore size on mechanical strength of 3D-Printed comby scaffolds","volume":"223","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.01.006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The impact of PLGA scaffold orientation on in vitro cartilage regeneration","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36368","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Construction of bionic tissue engineering cartilage scaffold based on 3D printing and oriented frozen technology","volume":"106","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006669914946","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Correlation between young\u2019s modulus and porosity in porous materials","volume":"18","author":"Kov\u00e1\u010dik","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.02.002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffolds and osteogenesis","volume":"26","author":"Karageorgiou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/8\/4\/045007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Toward mimicking the bone structure: design of novel hierarchical scaffolds with a tailored radial porosity gradient","volume":"8","author":"Di","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/8\/2\/025020","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Modulating mechanical behaviour of 3D-printed cartilage-mimetic PCL scaffolds: influence of molecular weight and pore geometry","volume":"8","author":"Olubamiji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2005.02.120","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A comparative study of porous scaffolds with cubic and spherical macropores","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2011.0123","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) porous scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine","volume":"2","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34683","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The effects of pore size in bilayered poly(lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds on restoring osteochondral defects in rabbits","volume":"102","author":"Duan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbv001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of porosities of bilayered porous scaffolds on spontaneous osteochondral repair in cartilage tissue engineering","volume":"2","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3506","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.8b00552","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Bilayered PLGA\/PLGA-HAp composite scaffold for osteochondral tissue engineering and tissue regeneration","volume":"4","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2015.06.033","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Pore orientation mediated control of mechanical behavior of scaffolds and its application in cartilage-mimetic scaffold design","volume":"51","author":"Arora","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1318906","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Functional tissue engineering: the role of biomechanics","volume":"122","author":"Butler","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2005.05.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Design and performance of a bioreactor system for mechanically promoted three-dimensional tissue engineering","volume":"44","author":"Meyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.12.011","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A finite element study of mechanical stimuli in scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"41","author":"Sandino","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.04.015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechanical loading regulates human MSC differentiation in a multi-layer hydrogel for osteochondral tissue engineering","volume":"21","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3562","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TB00006A","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechanical loading inhibits hypertrophy in chondrogenically differentiating hMSCs within a biomimetic hydrogel","volume":"4","author":"Aisenbrey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2016.09.007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechanical characterization of sequentially layered photo-clickable thiol-ene hydrogels","volume":"65","author":"Aziz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13293","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b17991","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Interconnectable dynamic compression bioreactors for combinatorial screening of cell mechanobiology in three-dimensions","volume":"10","author":"Seo","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2017.0378","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Osteocytogenesis: roles of physicochemical factors, collagen cleavage and exogenous molecules","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. B"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(200105)55:2<203::AID-JBM1007>3.0.CO;2-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechanical properties and cell cultural response of polycaprolactone scaffolds designed and fabricated via fused deposition modeling","volume":"55","author":"Hutmacher","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00148-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Optimal design and fabrication of scaffolds to mimic tissue properties and satisfy biological constraints","volume":"23","author":"Hollister","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.09.027","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Biomechanics of cellular solids","volume":"38","author":"Gibson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5082\/5\/4\/045004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The first systematic analysis of 3D rapid prototyped poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) scaffolds manufactured through BioCell printing: the effect of pore size and geometry on compressive mechanical behaviour and in vitro hMSC viability","volume":"5","author":"Domingos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00232-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fused deposition modeling of novel scaffold architectures for tissue engineering applications","volume":"23","author":"Zein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/aa5766","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Additive manufacturing of polymer melts for implantable medical devices and scaffolds","volume":"9","author":"Youssef","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-004-2187-3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The design and manufacturing of porous scaffolds for tissue engineering using rapid prototyping","volume":"27","author":"Masood","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820290915","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Articular cartilage repair using allogeneic perichondrocyte-seeded biodegradable porous polylactic acid (PLA): a tissue-engineering study","volume":"29","author":"Chu","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b17125","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechanism of acceleration of iron corrosion by a polylactide coating","volume":"11","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/26\/2\/025015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"3D printing of high-resolution PLA-based structures by hybrid electrohydrodynamic and fused deposition modeling techniques","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-015-0002-3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects of part build orientations on fatigue behaviour of FDM-processed PLA material","volume":"1","author":"Afrose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Additive Manuf."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3138401","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cycle-dependent and time-dependent bone fracture with repeated loading","volume":"105","author":"Carter","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(88)90200-X","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Some viscoplastic characteristics of bovine and human cortical bone","volume":"21","author":"Fondrk","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib41","first-page":"57","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Frictional behaviour of bovine articular cartilage","volume":"37","author":"Jin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.10.013","type":"journal-article","article-title":"In situ friction measurement on murine cartilage by atomic force microscopy","volume":"41","author":"Coles","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3109\/17453678108992136","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fatigue behavior of adult cortical bone: the influence of mean strain and strain range","volume":"52","author":"Carter","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Scand."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.02.013","type":"journal-article","article-title":"An experimental fatigue study of a porous scaffold for the regeneration of articular cartilage","volume":"48","author":"Vikingsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(03)00063-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Analysis of creep strain during tensile fatigue of cortical bone","volume":"36","author":"Cotton","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(12)70060-X","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Time-dependent damage on biodegradable devices","volume":"45","author":"Vieira","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2016.04.067","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Low-cycle fatigue behavior of 3D-printed PLA-based porous scaffolds","volume":"97","author":"Senatov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Composites B"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.03.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A three-dimensional nanofibrous scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering using human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/aa7078","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Biomimetic design and fabrication of multilayered osteochondral scaffolds by low-temperature deposition manufacturing and thermal-induced phase-separation techniques","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TB02132A","type":"journal-article","article-title":"TGF-beta 1 affinity peptides incorporated within a chitosan sponge scaffold can significantly enhance cartilage regeneration","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.01.014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Engineering stem and stromal cell therapies for musculoskeletal tissue repair","volume":"22","author":"Loebel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03021-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Combinatorial hydrogels with biochemical gradients for screening 3D cellular microenvironments","volume":"9","author":"Vega","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-010-0593-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Finite element analysis of idealised unit cell cancellous structure based on morphological indices of cancellous bone","volume":"48","author":"Kadir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.06.032","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Design and properties of 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"42","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.01.078","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Critical areas of cell adhesion on micropatterned surfaces","volume":"32","author":"Yan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.07.035","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of cell anisotropy on differentiation of stem cells on micropatterned surfaces through the controlled single cell adhesion","volume":"32","author":"Peng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21903","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b09746","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Interplay of matrix stiffness and cell-cell contact in regulating differentiation of stem cells","volume":"8","author":"Ye","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.09.023","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Subcellular cell geometry on micropillars regulates stem cell differentiation","volume":"111","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.04.021","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Degradation rate affords a dynamic cue to regulate stem cells beyond varied matrix stiffness","volume":"178","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/8\/1\/015011","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Investigation of thermal degradation with extrusion-based dispensing modules for 3D bioprinting technology","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2015.11.036","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechanical properties and shape memory effect of 3D-printed PLA-based porous scaffolds","volume":"57","author":"Senatov","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1163\/092050610X551970","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A viscoelastic chitosan-modified three-dimensional porous poly (L-lactide-co-\u03b5-caprolactone) scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci., Polym. Ed."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.02.039","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Framework for optimal design of porous scaffold microstructure by computational simulation of bone regeneration","volume":"27","author":"Adachi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5082\/5\/4\/045010","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechanical characterization of bioprinted in vitro soft tissue models","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.10.025","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Porous composite scaffold incorporating osteogenic phytomolecule icariin for promoting skeletal regeneration in challenging osteonecrotic bone in rabbits","volume":"153","author":"Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.08.063","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Biodegradable and elastomeric vascular grafts enable vascular remodeling","volume":"183","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1069210","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tissue engineering-current challenges and expanding opportunities","volume":"295","author":"Linda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.79B2.7461","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fatigue failure of cancellous bone: a possible cause of implant migration and loosening","volume":"79","author":"Taylor","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg., Br."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2001.2316","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tensile fatigue in bone: are cycles-, or time to failure, or both, important?","volume":"210","author":"Zioupos","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2005.02.002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Bio-CAD modeling and its applications in computer-aided tissue engineering","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Aided Des."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/aa8113","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fabrication of arbitrary 3D components in cardiac surgery: from macro-, micro- to nanoscale","volume":"9","author":"Kankala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1163\/156856297X00588","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechanical properties of dense polylactic acid structures fabricated by three dimensional printing","volume":"8","author":"Giordano","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci., Polym. Ed."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2017.1388993","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Strain-controlled fatigue behaviors of porous PLA-based scaffolds by 3D-printing technology","volume":"28","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.5301\/JABB.2011.8863","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Assessment of scaffold porosity: the new route of micro-CT","volume":"9","author":"Bertoldi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomater. Biomech."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.760030208","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Swelling behavior in extrusion","volume":"3","author":"Miller","year":"1963","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2017.1409022","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Controlling the extrudate swell in melt extrusion additive manufacturing of 3D scaffolds: a designed experiment","volume":"29","author":"Yousefi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1970.070140703","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Some studies on the swelling behavior of polyethylene","volume":"14","author":"Rogers","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28816","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28816","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fracture behaviors of ceramic tissue scaffolds for load bearing applications","volume":"6","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34147","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Functional biomaterials for cartilage regeneration","volume":"100A","author":"Ge","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3138202","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Biphasic creep and stress relaxation of articular cartilage in compression? Theory and experiments","volume":"102","author":"Mow","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-68017-8_48","type":"conference-proceedings","article-title":"Effect of stress relaxation on layer thickness of articular cartilage due to dynamic loadings","author":"Punantapong","year":"2007"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2835112","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Results from demineralized bone creep tests suggest that collagen is responsible for the creep behavior of bone","volume":"121","author":"Bowman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33276","type":"journal-article","article-title":"In vitro mechanical fatigue behavior of poly-\u03b5-caprolactone macroporous scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering: influence of pore filling by a poly(vinyl alcohol) gel","volume":"103","author":"Panadero","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. B"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.4066\/biomedicalresearch.29-17-2423","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Study on mechanical behaviors of articular cartilage defect repaired area under cyclic compression loading","volume":"29","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2010.0572","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechanical properties of natural cartilage and tissue-engineered constructs","volume":"17","author":"Little","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. B"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1733","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The evolution of simulation techniques for dynamic bone tissue engineering in bioreactors","volume":"9","author":"Vetsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2018.04.008","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of temporal onsets of mechanical loading on bone formation inside a tissue engineering scaffold combined with cell therapy","volume":"8","author":"Hausherr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00034-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Patellar cartilage deformation in vivo after static versus dynamic loading","volume":"33","author":"Eckstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.4290110503","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of soil-structure interaction on damping of structures","volume":"11","author":"Novak","year":"1983","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. D"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0141-0296(01)00092-X","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Supplemental energy dissipation: state-of-the-art and state-of-the-practice","volume":"24","author":"Soong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1002\/term.1863","type":"journal-article","article-title":"In vitro vascularization of a combined system based on a 3D printing technique","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/aa90ed","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Creating hierarchical porosity hydroxyapatite scaffold with osteoinduction by three-dimensional printing and microwave sintering","volume":"9","author":"Pei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/aa6370","type":"journal-article","article-title":"3D printing PLGA: a quantitative examination of the effects of polymer composition and printing parameters on print resolution","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-68831-2_12","type":"book","article-title":"Design, fabrication and physical characterization of scaffolds made from biodegradable synthetic polymers in combination with RP systems based on melt extrusion","author":"Hutmacher","year":"2008"},{"key":"bfab0f59bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-009-3700-x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Designer self-assembling peptide scaffold stimulates pre-osteoblast attachment, spreading and proliferation","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci., Mater. Med."},{"key":"bfab0f59bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1163\/156856201744489","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Scaffold design and fabrication technologies for engineering tissues-state of the art and future perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Hutmacher","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci., Polym. Ed."}],"container-title":["Biofabrication"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab0f59","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab0f59\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab0f59\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab0f59","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab0f59","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab0f59\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab0f59\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab0f59\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab0f59\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab0f59\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab0f59","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab0f59\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T13:08:46Z","timestamp":1773493726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab0f59"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab0f59","relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-5082","1758-5090"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-5082","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-5090","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Structural mechanics of 3D-printed poly(lactic acid) scaffolds with tetragonal, hexagonal and wheel-like designs","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biofabrication","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2019-01-14","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2019-03-13","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2019-04-25","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}