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Zwitterionic hydrogels have emerged as an effective solution to this problem, due to their ultra-low fouling properties, which enable them to effectively inhibit FBR <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. However, no versatile zwitterionic bioink that allows for high resolution extrusion bioprinting of tissue implants has thus far been reported. In this work, we introduce a simple, novel method for producing zwitterionic microgel bioink, using alginate methacrylate (AlgMA) as crosslinker and mechanical fragmentation as a microgel fabrication method. Photocrosslinked hydrogels made of zwitterionic carboxybetaine acrylamide (CBAA) and sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) are mechanically fragmented through meshes with aperture diameters of 50 and 90 <jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>m to produce microgel bioink. The bioinks made with both microgel sizes showed excellent rheological properties and were used for high-resolution printing of objects with overhanging features without requiring a support structure or support bath. The AlgMA crosslinker has a dual role, allowing for both primary photocrosslinking of the bulk hydrogel as well as secondary ionic crosslinking of produced microgels, to quickly stabilize the printed construct in a calcium bath and to produce a microporous scaffold. Scaffolds showed \u223c20% porosity, and they supported viability and chondrogenesis of encapsulated human primary chondrocytes. Finally, a meniscus model was bioprinted, to demonstrate the bioink\u2019s versatility at printing large, cell-laden constructs which are stable for further <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> culture to promote cartilaginous tissue production. This easy and scalable strategy of producing zwitterionic microgel bioink for high resolution extrusion bioprinting allows for direct cell encapsulation in a microporous scaffold and has potential for <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> biocompatibility due to the zwitterionic nature of the bioink.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ad1b1f","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,4]],"date-time":"2024-01-04T22:51:20Z","timestamp":1704408680000},"page":"025004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Ionically annealed zwitterionic microgels for bioprinting of cartilaginous constructs"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9932-1386","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Franti\u0161ek","family":"Surman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3504-4543","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maryam","family":"Asadikorayem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3626-000X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patrick","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5027-2985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8522-9909","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcy","family":"Zenobi-Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bfad1b1fbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119536","article-title":"Progress in 3D bioprinting technology for tissue\/organ regenerative engineering","volume":"226","author":"Matai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bfad1b1fbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.06.040","article-title":"Advancing bioinks for 3D bioprinting using reactive fillers: a review","volume":"113","author":"Heid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"bfad1b1fbib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201901798","article-title":"Dynamic bioinks to advance bioprinting","volume":"9","author":"Morgan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. 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