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In this study, anatomically equivalent 3D nerve conduits were developed using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) by combining reverse engineering and material extrusion (i.e. fused deposition modeling) technique. Printing parameters were optimized to fabricate nerve-equivalent TPU constructs. The TPU constructs printed with different infill densities supported the adhesion, proliferation, and gene expression of neuronal cells. Subcutaneous implantation of the TPU constructs for three months in rats showed neovascularization with negligible local tissue inflammatory reactions and was classified as a non-irritant biomaterial as per ISO 10993-6. To perform <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> efficacy studies, nerve conduits equivalent to rat\u2019s sciatic nerve were fabricated and bridged in a 10 mm sciatic nerve transection model. After four months of implantation, the sensorimotor function and histological assessments revealed that the 3D printed TPU conduits promoted the regeneration in critical-sized peripheral nerve defects equivalent to autografts. This study proved that TPU-based 3D printed nerve guidance conduits can be created to replicate the complicated features of natural nerves that can promote the regeneration of peripheral nerve defects and also show the potential to be extended to several other tissues for regenerative medicine applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ad5fbe","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T22:25:56Z","timestamp":1720218356000},"page":"045015","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Efficacy of 3D printed anatomically equivalent thermoplastic polyurethane guide conduits in promoting the regeneration of critical-sized peripheral nerve defects"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0618-5507","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Allen","family":"Zennifer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Raj","family":"Chellappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabu","family":"Chinnaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7333-0244","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anuradha","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5493-3613","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dhakshinamoorthy","family":"Sundaramurthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3771-3990","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Swaminathan","family":"Sethuraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bfad5fbebib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2020.02.003","article-title":"Nerve guide conduits for peripheral nerve injury repair: a review on design, materials and fabrication methods","volume":"106","author":"Vijayavenkataraman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"bfad5fbebib2","article-title":"Peripheral Nerve Injuries Market Insights (Skyquest)"},{"key":"bfad5fbebib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2016.1181346","article-title":"Evaluation of artificial nerve conduit and autografts in peripheral nerve repair in the rat model of sciatic nerve injury","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol. 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