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Agarose microwells were utilized to create TOs from prepubertal C57BL\/6 J testicular cells. First emphasis was on improving germ cell survival during the initial 2-week reorganization phase by comparing <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>-MEM + 10% knockout serum replacement (KSR) medium, known to support TO generation in mice, to three optimized media (1\u20133). Cell densities and culture dynamics were also tested to recreate histological resemblance to testes. After optimizing germ cell survival and cell organization, the effect of growth factors and immunomodulation through CD45<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> immune cell depletion or dexamethasone (DEX) supplementation were assessed for enhancing spermatogenesis during the subsequent differentiation phase. Testicular cells self-reorganized into organoids resembling the testicular anatomical unit, characterized by one tubule-like structure surrounded by interstitium. Media 1\u20133 proved superior for organoid growth during the reorganization phase, with TOs in medium 3 exhibiting germ cell numbers (7.4% \u00b1 4.8%) comparable to controls (9.3% \u00b1 5.3%). Additionally, 37% \u00b1 30% demonstrated organized histology from 32 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> cells under static conditions. Switching to <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>-MEM + 10% KSR during the differentiation phase increased formation efficiency to 85 \u00b1 7%, along with elevated germ cell numbers, testosterone production (3.1 \u00b1 0.9 ng ml<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and generation of <jats:italic>\u03b3-<\/jats:italic>H2AX<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> spermatid-like cells (steps 8\u201311, 1.2% \u00b1 2.2% of the total). Adding differentiation factors to the <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>-MEM increased spermatid-like cell numbers to 2.9% \u00b1 5.9%, confirmed through positive staining for CREM, transition protein 1, and peanut agglutinin. Although, these remained diploid with irregular nuclear maturation. DEX supplementation had no additional effect, and immune cell depletion adversely impacted TO formation. The manipulability of TOs offers advantages in studying male infertility and exploring therapies, with scalability enabling high-throughput chemical screening and reducing animal usage in reproductive toxicity and drug discovery studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ad618f","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T22:27:20Z","timestamp":1720650440000},"page":"045024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Spermatogenesis in mouse testicular organoids with testis-specific architecture, improved germ cell survival and testosterone production"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2888-9078","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Richer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1725-7772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cleo","family":"Goyvaerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3179-2886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorna","family":"Marchandise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6685-7299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"Vanhaecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7601-9689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Goossens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9169-548X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoni","family":"Baert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bfad618fbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BBRC.2020.06.161","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis reveals inadequate spermatogenesis and immediate radical immune reactions during organ culture in vitro spermatogenesis","volume":"530","author":"Abe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. 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