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Current clinical interventions, such as nerve guidance conduits (NGCs), face challenges in creating biomimetic microenvironments that effectively support nerve repair. The developed\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>GrooveNeuroTube<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    is composed of hyaluronic acid methacrylate and gelatin methacrylate hydrogel, incorporating active agents (growth factors and antibacterial agents) encapsulated within an NGC conduit made of 3D-printed PCL grid fibers.\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies showed that\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>GrooveNeuroTube<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    significantly promoted migration of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuronal cells, 3D bioprinted at the far ends of the conduit to imitate a proximal nerve injury as a novel\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    model. A long-term culture of up to 60 d was employed to better mimic\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    conditions. This model tested the effects of pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation on neural tissue development. After 60 d,\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>GrooveNeuroTube<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    showed a 32% cell migration increase compared to the growth-factor-group and 105% compared to the no-growth-factor condition. These results confirm that the\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>GrooveNeuroTube<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    system can effectively support sustained neural cell migration and maturation over extended periods, proving a new technology for testing peripheral nerve injury\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ae0550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T22:55:07Z","timestamp":1757458507000},"page":"045018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["3D bioprinted cell-laden GrooveNeuroTube: a multifunctional platform for\n                    <i>ex vivo<\/i>\n                    neural cell migration and growth studies"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8515-2171","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jagoda","family":"Litowczenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9035-6137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannick","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7968-1521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hawrez","family":"Ismael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1117-3081","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Popenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3936-5184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Ostrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3921-8459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Fiedorowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3438-858X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jose Carlos","family":"Rodrigez Cabello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6597-5242","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jacek K","family":"Wychowaniec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0370-9766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Tadyszak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bfae0550bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3098","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.7b00655","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Peripheral nerve injury: current challenges, conventional treatment approaches, and new trends in biomaterials-based regenerative strategies","volume":"3","author":"L\u00f3pez-Cebral","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. 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