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Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinted tissue engineering patches have demonstrated efficacy as a delivery approach to enhance the viability and engraftment of stem cells. In this study, we have developed a novel hMSCs tissue-engineered patch equipped with a nano-slow-release system using 3D bioprinting technology. The patch is based on a matrix material consisting of methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) and chitosan nanoparticles loaded with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which possesses pro-angiogenic effects. The resulting patch demonstrated excellent compatibility with hMSCs and enabled stable, sustained VEGF release.\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    results showed that the patch significantly reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis three days after MI, and improved cardiac function and myocardial fibrosis at 28 d post-surgery. These effects were closely associated with the patch\u2019s potent angiogenic properties and favorable stem cell survival. In conclusion, this study successfully developed a 3D-printed tissue engineering patch with strong potential for clinical application, offering a promising new approach for the treatment of MI.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ae20c4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T22:50:31Z","timestamp":1763506231000},"page":"015010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["3D bioprinted epicardial patch of GelMA containing VEGF-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of myocardial infarction"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Xuan","family":"Jiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kexun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peian","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Limeng","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kegong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xionghai","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanzhong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3242-7642","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bfae20c4bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9349","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.9349","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Global epidemiology of ischemic heart disease: results from the global burden of disease study","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"bfae20c4bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-023-03665-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Establishment and validation of a prediction nomogram for heart failure risk in patients with acute myocardial infarction during hospitalization","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc. 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