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Advanced\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    models that incorporate patient-specific characteristics and three-dimensional (3D) microenvironments have emerged as powerful alternatives. This review first outlines current perspectives on PD etiology and pathogenesis, highlighting their implications for 3D modeling systems. A systematic comparison evaluates organoid, microfluidic, and 3D bioprinting platforms by leveraging their recent applications in PD mechanistic studies and therapeutic screening. The utilization of these cutting-edge technologies in PD model development not only deepens mechanistic insights but also streamlines therapeutic innovation, paving the way for effective treatments against this debilitating neurodegenerative disorder.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ae4895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T22:50:11Z","timestamp":1771627811000},"page":"022003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Orchestrating the Parkinson\u2019s disease microenvironment in 3D for pathogenesis study and therapeutic development"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2746-6061","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xingyu","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2065-9542","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haijun","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0641-6029","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haitao","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bfae4895bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01419-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The epidemiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"403","author":"Ben-Shlomo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bfae4895bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-024-07941-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Global, regional and national temporal trends in Parkinson\u2019s disease incidence, disability-adjusted life year rates in middle-aged and older adults: a cross-national inequality analysis and Bayesian age-period-cohort analysis based on the global burden of disease 2021","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol. 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