{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T10:08:29Z","timestamp":1778494109157,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/questions\/alternative-author-rights-policies\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R35GM142875"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35GM142875"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biofabrication"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Engineering collagen constructs that replicate the mechanical strength and biological functionality of load-bearing tissues like tendon remains a significant challenge. This study establishes a scalable and accessible biofabrication method that com-bines the precision of a commercial 3D bioprinter with the physicochemical principles of molecular crowding. Using an acidic collagen solution in combination with a hypertonic polyethylene glycol bath, we systematically investigate how modulating pulling speed and nozzle diameter dictates the final filament properties. Our results demonstrate that faster pulling speeds and smaller nozzle diameters produce thinner, more densely packed filaments. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy and polarised light microscopy reveal a tuneable transition in surface morphology, from a disordered isotropic state to a highly ordered phase, quantitatively confirmed by a sharp in-crease in birefringence. Critically, we demonstrate the preservation of collagen\u2019s native, periodic 66 nm d-banding, an essential motif for cell interaction. This structural refinement translates to a dramatic enhancement of mechanical performance, with the strongest filaments achieving an ultimate tensile strength of 0.64 GPa and a Young\u2019s modulus of 8.9 GPa, values that surpass native tendon. Further-more, the fabricated filaments are highly biocompatible and bio-instructive, promoting robust alignment and elongation of mesenchymal stem cells. This work provides a direct link between bioprocess parameters and the resulting hierarchical structure, offering a versatile platform for fabricating high-performance, biomimetic materials for regenerative medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ae6371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T09:10:05Z","timestamp":1778490605000},"page":"025039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of collagenous filaments with tuneable mechanical properties using a 3D bioprinter and molecular crowding"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9718-8040","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alejandro Rossello","family":"Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7376-9935","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zixie","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4033-9570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5001-7893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0550-5772","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seyma Nayir","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6881-8130","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bfae6371bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5309.60","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Liver regeneration","volume":"276","author":"Michalopoulos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"bfae6371bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800510413","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Neurosurgical Techniques","volume":"51","author":"Asenjo","year":"1964","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"bfae6371bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2010.01169.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Regenerative medicine: then and now\u2014an update of recent history into future possibilities","volume":"14","author":"Polykandriotis","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"bfae6371bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5715","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000005715","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Sushruta: the father of Indian surgical history","volume":"12","author":"Dave","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"bfae6371bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a014977","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Historical overview of transplantation","volume":"3","author":"Barker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives Med."},{"key":"bfae6371bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-197801000-00016","type":"journal-article","article-title":"George David Pollock and the development of skin grafting","volume":"1","author":"Freshwater","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Plastic Surg."},{"key":"bfae6371bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm.10.12","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Engineering hydrogels as extra-cellular matrix mimics","volume":"5","author":"Geckil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"bfae6371bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.5339\/gcsp.2013.38","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Hydrogel scaffolds for tissue engineering: progress and challenges","volume":"2013","author":"El-Sherbiny","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob. Cardiol. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"bfae6371bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14060531","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Biomimetic scaffolds\u2014a novel approach to three dimensional cell culture techniques for potential implementation in tissue engineering","volume":"14","author":"G\u00f3rnicki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"bfae6371bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3386","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-022-06886-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Hydrogel-based autologous chondrocyte implantation leads to subjective improvement levels comparable to scaffold based autologous chondrocyte implantation","volume":"30","author":"Niethammer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"bfae6371bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-02066-y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Myocardial repair of bioengineered cardiac patches with decellularized placental scaffold and human-induced pluripotent stem cells in a rat model of my-ocardial infarction","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"bfae6371bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2022.0206","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A biomimetic approach utilizing pulsatile perfusion generates contractile vascular grafts","volume":"29","author":"Knox","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. A"},{"key":"bfae6371bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27568","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c02825","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Portable handheld \u2018SkinPen\u2019 loaded with biomaterial ink for in situ wound healing","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"bfae6371bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eade2514","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade2514","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Engineering edgeless human skin with enhanced biomechanical properties","volume":"9","author":"Pappalardo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"bfae6371bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-025-02241-7","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Instant assembly of collagen for tissue engineering and bioprinting","volume":"24","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"bfae6371bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5917","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b02828","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microfluidics-produced collagen fibers show extraordinary mechanical properties","volume":"16","author":"Haynl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"bfae6371bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2024.02.020","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fabrication of fully aligned self-assembled cellladen collagen filaments for tissue engineering via a hybrid bioprinting pro-cess","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"bfae6371bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.185932","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Enigmatic insight into collagen","volume":"20","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oral. Maxillofacial Pathol."},{"key":"bfae6371bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659202000513","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Healing of the patellar tendon autograft after posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction\u2014a process of ligamentization?: an experimental study in a sheep model","volume":"20","author":"Bosch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"bfae6371bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.202.23.3315","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The design of soft collagenous load-bearing tissues","volume":"202","author":"Ker","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"bfae6371bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Silver","year":"2024","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0557-9","type":"book"},{"key":"bfae6371bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"P\u00e9rez-Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2025","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.12.15.571880","type":"other"},{"key":"bfae6371bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202207882","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tunable mesoscopic collagen Island architectures modulate stem cell behavior","volume":"35","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"bfae6371bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2021.100098","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A tough act to follow: collagen hydrogel modifications to improve mechanical and growth factor loading capabilities","volume":"10","author":"Sarrigiannidis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"bfae6371bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"rbad015","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbad015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Adjusting the physico-chemical properties of collagen scaffolds to accommodate primary osteoblasts and endothelial cells","volume":"10","author":"Meyer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"bfae6371bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.18063\/ijb.v6i3.270","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Collagen as bioink for bioprinting: a comprehensive review","volume":"6","author":"Osidak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Bioprinting"},{"key":"bfae6371bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200505000-00006","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Graft selection in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction","volume":"13","author":"West","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"bfae6371bib28","article-title":"Mechanical properties of collagen-based scaffolds for tissue regen-eration eng","author":"Kanungo","year":"2009","type":"other"},{"key":"bfae6371bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10030485","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechanical properties of animal tendons: a review and compara-tive study for the identification of the most suitable human tendon surrogates","volume":"10","author":"Burgio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"bfae6371bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2023.103992","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Synthetic grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruc-tive surgery","volume":"117","author":"Legnani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"bfae6371bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.120527","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Driving hierarchical col-lagen fiber formation for functional tendon, ligament, and meniscus replacement","volume":"269","author":"Puetzer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bfae6371bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2022.100376","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fabrication of high-strength, flexible, porous collagen-based scaffolds to promote tissue regeneration","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"bfae6371bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50477-6","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Solution blow spinning of polymer\/nanocomposite micro-\/nanofibers with tunable diameters and morphologies using a gas dynamic virtual nozzle","volume":"9","author":"Vasireddi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"bfae6371bib34","article-title":"US2919999A","author":"Reissmann","year":"2025","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"bfae6371bib35","first-page":"1039","type":"book","article-title":"Prediction of fibre orientation and stiffness distributions in paper\u2014an engineering approach","author":"Wahlstr\u00f6m","year":"2009"},{"key":"bfae6371bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2011.07.004","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tendon biomechanics and mechanobiology\u2014a minireview of basic concepts and recent advancements","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hand Ther."},{"key":"bfae6371bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2018.0379","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Digital design and auto-mated fabrication of bespoke collagen microfiber scaffolds","volume":"25","author":"Kaiser","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. C"},{"key":"bfae6371bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2021.673533","type":"journal-article","article-title":"3D printing hydrogel-based soft and biohybrid actuators: a mini-review on fabrication techniques, applications, and challenges","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Robot. AI"},{"key":"bfae6371bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-017-0075-9","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Electrospun collagen nanofibers and their applications in skin tissue engineering","volume":"14","author":"Law","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"bfae6371bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2022.111681","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A perspective on the wet spinning process and its advancements in biomedical sciences","volume":"181","author":"Rohani Shirvan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"bfae6371bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(97)78247-X","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Self-assembly of collagen fibers. influence of fibrillar alignment and decorin on mechanical properties","volume":"73","author":"Pins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"bfae6371bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(19970314)63:11<1429::AID-APP5>3.0.CO;2-O","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects of static axial strain on the tensile properties and failure mechanisms of self-assembled collagen fibers","volume":"63","author":"Pins","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"bfae6371bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crci.2007.05.005","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Liquid crystalline properties of type I collagen: perspectives in tissue morphogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Giraud-Guille","year":"2024","journal-title":"C. R. Chim."},{"key":"bfae6371bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6411","DOI":"10.1021\/la070093z","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cooperative ordering of collagen triple helices in the dense state","volume":"23","author":"Gobeaux","year":"2024","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"bfae6371bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1039\/C5BM00443H","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Acellular and cellular high-density, collagen-fibril constructs with suprafibrillar organization","volume":"4","author":"Blum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"bfae6371bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2009.07.035","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Elastic moduli of collagen gels can be predicted from two-dimensional confocal microscopy","volume":"97","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"bfae6371bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.21431","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Polymerization and matrix physical properties as important design considerations for soluble collagen formulations","volume":"93","author":"Kreger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"bfae6371bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.21537","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Collagen oligomers modulate physical and biological properties of three-dimensional self-assembled matrices","volume":"95","author":"Bailey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"bfae6371bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070590","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Microrheological characterization of collagen systems: from molecular solutions to fibrillar gels","volume":"8","author":"Shayegan","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bfae6371bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14043","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1613058113","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fibrous nonlinear elasticity enables positive mechanical feedback between cells and ECMs","volume":"113","author":"Hall","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"bfae6371bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.02.022","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The phenotype of cancer cell invasion controlled by fibril di-ameter and pore size of 3D collagen networks","volume":"52","author":"Sapudom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bfae6371bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2016.04.025","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of polymer concentration on the morphology and mechanical characteristics of electrospun cellulose acetate and poly (vinyl chloride) nanofiber mats","volume":"55","author":"Tarus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alex. Eng. J."},{"key":"bfae6371bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1949.tb27296.x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The effects of shape on the interaction of colloidal particles","volume":"51","author":"Onsager","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. New York Acad. Sci."},{"key":"bfae6371bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1051\/jphys:01975003604028100","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The Lagrangian theory of polymer solutions at intermediate con-centrations","volume":"36","author":"Des Cloizeaux","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Phys."},{"key":"bfae6371bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6888","DOI":"10.1021\/ma034079e","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Measuring osmotic pressure of Poly(ethylene glycol) solutions by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation","volume":"36","author":"Stanley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"bfae6371bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(03)74855-3","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Osmotic properties of poly(ethylene glycols): quantitative features of brush and bulk scaling laws","volume":"84","author":"Hansen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"bfae6371bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.125.267801","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Universal equation of state describes osmotic pressure throughout gelation process","volume":"125","author":"Yasuda","year":"2026","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"bfae6371bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202301090","type":"journal-article","article-title":"3D printing of collagen scaffold with enhanced resolution in a citrate-modulated gellan gum microgel bath","volume":"12","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"bfae6371bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.1.276","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Direct measurement of forces between self-assembled proteins: temperature-dependent exponential forces between collagen triple helices","volume":"91","author":"Leikin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"bfae6371bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(97)78674-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Solvent hydrogen-bond network in protein self-assembly: solvation of collagen triple helices in nonaqueous solvents","volume":"72","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"bfae6371bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3671","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b00837","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Collagen fibrils: nature\u2019s highly tunable nonlinear springs","volume":"12","author":"Andriotis","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"bfae6371bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1080\/02678292.2018.1519123","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Phase separations, liquid crystal ordering and molecular partitioning in mixtures of PEG and DNA oligomers","volume":"45","author":"Di Leo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Liq. Cryst."},{"key":"bfae6371bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1295\/polymj.15.367","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Osmotic pressure of semidilute solutions of branched polymers","volume":"15","author":"Higo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"bfae6371bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/02678298608086494","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Osmotic pressure of a nematic solution of polydisperse rod-like macro-molecules","volume":"1","author":"Odijk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Liq. Cryst."},{"key":"bfae6371bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13480","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1921617117","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Depletion interactions modulate the binding between disordered proteins in crowded environments","volume":"117","author":"Zosel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"bfae6371bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5610","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.2c00769","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Alignment of colloidal rods in crowded environments","volume":"55","author":"Calabrese","year":"2024","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"bfae6371bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biophys.37.032807.125817","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Macromolecular crowding and confinement: biochemical, biophysical, and potential physiological consequences","volume":"37","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biophys."},{"key":"bfae6371bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.06.041","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Molecular crowding of collagen: a pathway to produce highly-organized collagenous structures","volume":"33","author":"Saeidi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bfae6371bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4176","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.0c02155","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effects of shearing and extensional flows on the alignment of colloidal rods","volume":"54","author":"Calabrese","year":"2024","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"bfae6371bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4540","DOI":"10.1039\/D0SM00233J","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Bioactive scaffolds based on collagen filaments with tunable physico-chemical and biological features","volume":"16","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"bfae6371bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.5b00461","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Wet spinning and drawing of human recombinant collagen","volume":"2","author":"Yaari","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"bfae6371bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202112238","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Processing of continuous non-crosslinked collagen fibers for microtissue formation at the muscle-tendon interface","volume":"32","author":"Koeck","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"bfae6371bib73","article-title":"US5911942A","author":"Fofonoff","year":"2025","type":"web-resource"},{"key":"bfae6371bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9561","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179561","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Isotropic and anisotropic scaffolds for tissue engineering: collagen, conventional, and textile fabrication technologies and prop-erties","volume":"22","author":"Tonndorf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"bfae6371bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2017.09.030","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Observation of triple helix motif on electrospun collagen nanofibers and its effect on the physical and structural properties","volume":"1151","author":"B\u00fcrck","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"bfae6371bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering8030039","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Collagen-based electrospun materials for tissue engineering: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Blackstone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"bfae6371bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4368","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13244368","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Collagen-based nanofibers for skin regeneration and wound dressing applications","volume":"13","author":"Mbese","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"bfae6371bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtla.2018.10.001","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Nanostructure of electrospun collagen: do electrospun collagen fibers form native structures?","volume":"3","author":"Sizeland","year":"2024","journal-title":"Materialia"},{"key":"bfae6371bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13172399","type":"journal-article","article-title":"From forces to assemblies: van der Waals forces-driven Assemblies in anisotropic Quasi-2D graphene and Quasi-1D nanocellulose heteroin-terfaces towards Quasi-3D nanoarchitecture","volume":"13","author":"Brakat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"bfae6371bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-023-03858-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Enhanced properties of collagen\/chitosan biocomposite fibers by dry-jet wet spinning with a high-aspect-ratio spinneret","volume":"31","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"bfae6371bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00508652","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Polarized light microscopy in the study of the molecular structure of collagen and reticulin","volume":"85","author":"Wolman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Histochemistry"},{"key":"bfae6371bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.01.034","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Structure and collagen crimp patterns of functionally distinct equine tendons, revealed by quantitative polarised light microscopy (qPLM)","volume":"70","author":"Spiesz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"bfae6371bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.449125","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Dual-modality digital holographic and polarization microscope to quantify phase and birefringence signals in biospecimens with a complex microstruc-ture","volume":"13","author":"Lam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"bfae6371bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020802631968","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Specimen preparation and quantification of collagen birefringence in unstained sections of articular cartilage using image analysis and polarizing light microscopy","volume":"29","author":"Kiraly","year":"2025","journal-title":"Histochem. J."},{"key":"bfae6371bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20938","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Effect of fiber distribution and realignment on the nonlinear and inhomogeneous mechanical properties of human supraspinatus tendon under longitudinal tensile loading","volume":"27","author":"Lake","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"bfae6371bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2916","DOI":"10.3390\/app13052916","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Model-based approach for the semi-automatic analysis of collagen birefringence in polarized light microscopy","volume":"13","author":"Cristoforetti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"bfae6371bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2012.03.068","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Polarization-resolved second-harmonic generation in tendon upon mechanical stretching","volume":"102","author":"Gusachenko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"bfae6371bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12398-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Determination of extracellular matrix collagen fibril architec-tures and pathological remodeling by polarization dependent second harmonic microscopy","volume":"7","author":"Rou\u00e8de","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"bfae6371bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.23.11.116002","type":"journal-article","article-title":"High-speed polarization imaging of dynamic collagen fiber realignment in tendon-to-bone insertion region","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"bfae6371bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00613-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Polymorphic regenerated silk fibers assembled through bioinspired spinning","volume":"8","author":"Ling","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"bfae6371bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12285","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603216103","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Nature designs tough collagen: explaining the nanostructure of colla-gen fibrils","volume":"103","author":"Buehler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"bfae6371bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2020.104015","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The effect of loading direction on the fracture behaviors of cortical bone at a dynamic loading rate","volume":"142","author":"Zhai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"bfae6371bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C1017","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00287.2023","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Alignment, cross linking, and beyond: a collagen architect\u2019s guide to the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix","volume":"325","author":"Wohlgemuth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"bfae6371bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.3390\/mi15070851","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Computational and experimental characterization of aligned collagen across varied crosslinking degrees","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"bfae6371bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.173","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Tendon-inspired fibers from liquid crystalline collagen as the pre-oriented bioink","volume":"185","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"bfae6371bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-73906-9_10","type":"book","author":"Biewener","year":"2024"},{"key":"bfae6371bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37036-4","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Aqueous spinning of robust, self-healable, and crack-resistant hydrogel microfibers enabled by hydrogen bond nanoconfinement","volume":"14","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"bfae6371bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15041608","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Assessing collagen d-band periodicity with atomic force microscopy","volume":"15","author":"Stylianou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"bfae6371bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2401133121","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Real-time single-molecule observation of incipient collagen fibrillogenesis and remodeling","volume":"121","author":"Roth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci."},{"key":"bfae6371bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a004978","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The Collagen Family","volume":"3","author":"Ricard-Blum","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives Biol."},{"key":"bfae6371bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8134","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR01268B","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The ultrastructure of type I collagen at nanoscale: large or small D-spacing distribution?","volume":"6","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"bfae6371bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.38.1.267","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Different mechanisms in the attachment of cells to native and denatured collagen","volume":"38","author":"Schor","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"bfae6371bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.06.136","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Two-way regulation between cells and aligned collagen fibrils: local 3D matrix formation and accelerated neural differen-tiation of human decidua parietalis placental stem cells","volume":"450","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem. Bio-Phys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"bfae6371bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TB02215K","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Regulating the stemness of mesenchymal stem cells by tuning micropattern features","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"bfae6371bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(98)78027-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Fibrous long spacing collagen ultra-structure elucidated by atomic force microscopy","volume":"74","author":"Paige","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"bfae6371bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-4328(00)00037-8","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A study of fibrous long spacing collagen ul-trastructure and assembly by atomic force microscopy","volume":"32","author":"Paige","year":"2026","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"bfae6371bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.05.030","type":"journal-article","article-title":"The threshold at which substrate nanogroove dimensions may influence fibroblast alignment and adhesion","volume":"28","author":"Loesberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"bfae6371bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2015.1136919","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Morphology, proliferation, alignment, and new collagen synthesis of mes-enchymal stem cells on a microgrooved collagen membrane","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"bfae6371bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30135","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA05434E","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cell chirality exhibition of brain mi-crovascular endothelial cells is dependent on micropattern width","volume":"12","author":"Porras Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"bfae6371bib110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202101357","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Assembled cell-decorated collagen (AC-DC) fiber bio-printed implants with musculoskeletal tissue properties promote functional recov-ery in volumetric muscle loss","volume":"11","author":"Christensen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"bfae6371bib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9503","DOI":"10.1021\/nn302483x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Type I collagen D-spacing in fibril bundles of dermis, tendon, and bone: bridging between nano- and micro-level tissue hierarchy","volume":"6","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"bfae6371bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-025-02595-5","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cellpose3: one-click image restoration for improved cel-lular segmentation","volume":"22","author":"Stringer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"bfae6371bib113","article-title":"Pol-acquisition, OpenPolScope software (version 3.0) for micro-manager: pol-acquisition user manual, birefringence imaging","author":"Oldenbourg","year":"2025","type":"web-resource"}],"container-title":["Biofabrication"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ae6371","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ae6371\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ae6371\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ae6371\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T09:10:09Z","timestamp":1778490609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ae6371"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1758-5090\/ae6371","relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-5082","1758-5090"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-5082","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-5090","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Development of collagenous filaments with tuneable mechanical properties using a 3D bioprinter and molecular crowding","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Biofabrication","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2025-08-08","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-04-22","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-05-11","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}