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In this study, a novel triangle-pillar porous scaffold was designed and made by polycaprolactone and hydroxyapatite produced by three-dimensional printing, featuring channels and windows aligned in vertical and horizontal directions. To further enhance its bioactive potential, manuka oil-derived triketone was incorporated into the printing materials. Comprehensive characterization confirmed that the scaffold exhibited high compressive strength and a uniform surface texture.\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    assays demonstrated osteogenic differentiation, tube formation, and antimicrobial activity. Moreover,\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies using rat subcutaneous and sheep femur defect models revealed significantly improved tissue integration and bone regeneration. Micro-CT and histological analyses showed that new bone grew inward toward the defect center along the window-guided pathways, closely mimicking the natural healing pattern. These findings suggest that the triangle-pillar channel scaffold represents a promising strategy for bone tissue engineering by integrating architectural optimization and biological cues to direct inward bone regeneration in a manner resembling the natural repair process.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ae9f99","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T22:52:22Z","timestamp":1787871142000},"page":"035054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Channel triangle-pillar scaffold incorporated manuka oil triketone to enhance bone regeneration"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6609-5140","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5412-0089","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Warwick","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yipeng","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Abdelmoneim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4242-6846","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dawn","family":"Coates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Otago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bfae9f99bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-018-0724-2","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Scaffolds for the repair of bone defects in clinical studies: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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