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However, the reliable fabrication of bioconductive microstructures with high resolution, excellent electrical performance, and good biocompatibility remains a current biofabrication challenge, which requires the synergistic advancement of functionalised materials and their related production process. In this study, Aerosol jet\u00ae printing (AJ\u00aeP) is proposed as a promising direct writing approach towards fabricating bioconductive microstructures. A systematic investigation was conducted on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) conductive patterns, focusing on the effects of key AJ\u00aeP parameters, including nozzle diameter, carrier gas flow rate (\n                    <jats:italic>CG<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and focus ratio (\n                    <jats:italic>Rf<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), on printed linewidth (\n                    <jats:italic>Lw<\/jats:italic>\n                    ).\n                    <jats:italic>CG<\/jats:italic>\n                    was identified as the dominant factor governing\n                    <jats:italic>Lw<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with a strong coupling effect between\n                    <jats:italic>CG<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Rf<\/jats:italic>\n                    . By optimising printing parameters, a minimum\n                    <jats:italic>Lw<\/jats:italic>\n                    of 16.3 \u00b1 0.2\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    m was achieved with high reproducibility. Electrical characterisation revealed that increasing the number of printed layers significantly reduced resistance, reaching a minimum of 6.8 \u00b1 0.4 \u03a9 due to enhanced microstructural connectivity. The biocompatibility of AuNPs coatings was evaluated by culturing human Dental Pulp Stem cells differentiated Schwann cells (hDPSC-SCs) on the coating. The results demonstrated that hDPSC-SCs displayed good adhesion, proliferation and maintained their phenotype. On AJ\u00aeP-fabricated 100\/160\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    m AuNPs micropatterns, the cell density on the AuNPs tracks was about 4 times higher than that on the adjacent glass regions, indicating a pronounced preferential adhesion of hDPSC-SCs to the conductive microtracks. Furthermore, on the 40\/160\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    m AuNP micropatterns, up to 93% of hDPSC-SCs were aligned along the printing direction, demonstrating a strong contact-guidance effect. These results demonstrate that the AuNPs microtracks provided effective guidance, promoting both cell adhesion and alignment. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of AJ\u00aeP for the high-resolution fabrication of bioconductive AuNP micropatterns. The findings provide a manufacturing foundation for the application of metal-based conductive microstructures in bioelectronic interfaces and cell-instructive culture systems, and offer valuable insights for the future development of more advanced neural tissue engineering platforms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/aea7dd","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T22:53:10Z","timestamp":1789512790000},"page":"045003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aerosol jet\u00ae printing of bioconductive AuNPs micropatterns supporting Schwann cell alignment"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6972-9828","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuexi","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing Lab KU Leuven"},{"name":"Hasselt University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9619-3788","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Miriam","family":"Seiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing Lab KU Leuven"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Libberecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasselt University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Vangansewinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasselt University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivo","family":"Lambrichts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hasselt University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1618-365X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Ferraris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Manufacturing Lab KU Leuven"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bfaea7ddbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c20262","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Additively manufactured 3D micro-bioelectrodes for enhanced bioelectrocatalytic operation","volume":"15","author":"Jodeiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. 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