{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T11:01:40Z","timestamp":1768993300405,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med. Eng. Phys."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"DOI":"10.1088\/1873-4030\/ae1377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T09:18:03Z","timestamp":1767950283000},"page":"015001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigating the therapeutic effect of metformin on melanoma cancer stem cells using optical microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"147","author":[{"given":"Chung-You","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Win-Li","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"mepae1377bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3983","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0530291100","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells","volume":"100","author":"Al-Hajj","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"mepae1377bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2023.105687","type":"journal-article","article-title":"LGI-rPPG-Net: a shallow encoder-decoder model for rPPG signal estimation from facial video streams","volume":"89","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed Signal Process."},{"key":"mepae1377bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402283","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Identification and expansion of the tumorigenic lung cancer stem cell population","volume":"15","author":"Eramo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"mepae1377bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9328","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-1343","type":"journal-article","article-title":"A tumorigenic subpopulation with stem cell properties in melanomas","volume":"65","author":"Fang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"mepae1377bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1177\/107327489500200503","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Melanoma metastasis","volume":"2","author":"Fiddler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"mepae1377bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-009-0672-0","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Cancer\/testis antigens can be immunological targets in clonogenic CD133 melanoma cells","volume":"58","author":"Gedye","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immun."},{"key":"mepae1377bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.042308.113248","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Mechanisms of stem cell self-renewal","volume":"25","author":"He","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"mepae1377bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7507","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-2994","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Metformin selectively targets cancer stem cells, and acts together with chemotherapy to block tumor growth and prolong remission","volume":"69","author":"Hirsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"mepae1377bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-013-1467-x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"DEAD\/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp\/His) box polypeptide 3, X-linked is an immunogenic target of cancer stem cells","volume":"62","author":"Koshio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immun."},{"key":"mepae1377bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2012.08.014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Melanocytes, melanocyte stem cells, and melanoma stem cells","volume":"31","author":"Lang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"mepae1377bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1193","type":"journal-article","article-title":"ALDH1A isozymes are markers of human melanoma stem cells and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"30","author":"Luo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"mepae1377bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2013.11.014","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Immunology of cancer stem cells in solid tumours. A review","volume":"50","author":"Maccalli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"mepae1377bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-11-0280","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Metformin accelerates the growth of BRAF V600E-driven melanoma by upregulating VEGF-A","volume":"2","author":"Martin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"mepae1377bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-015-0240-y","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Ideal sphere-forming culture conditions to maintain pluripotency in a hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines","volume":"15","author":"Min","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"mepae1377bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3112","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Intracellular autofluorescence: a biomarker for epithelial cancer stem cells","volume":"11","author":"Miranda-Lorenzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"mepae1377bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers8030034","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Melanoma cancer stem cells: markers and functions","volume":"8","author":"Parmiani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"mepae1377bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2011.04.007","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Eyes wide open: a critical review of sphere-formation as an assay for stem cells","volume":"8","author":"Pastrana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"mepae1377bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.69","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Heterogeneous phenotype of human melanoma cells with in vitro and in vivo features of tumor-initiating cells","volume":"130","author":"Perego","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"mepae1377bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2013.256","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Metformin\u2013mode of action and clinical implications for diabetes and cancer","volume":"10","author":"Pernicova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"mepae1377bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6914","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14321","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of the metabolic modulator phenformin in targeting the stem cell compartment in melanoma","volume":"8","author":"Petrachi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"mepae1377bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05349","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic proteins inhibit the tumorigenic potential of human brain tumour-initiating cells","volume":"444","author":"Piccirillo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"mepae1377bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3109\/07357907.2015.1034869","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Differential expression of cancer stem cell markers ALDH1 and CD133 in various lung cancer subtypes","volume":"33","author":"Roudi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Invest."},{"key":"mepae1377bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1160","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Hedgehog-GLI signaling drives self-renewal and tumorigenicity of human melanoma-initiating cells","volume":"30","author":"Santini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"mepae1377bib24","first-page":"5821","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors","volume":"63","author":"Singh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"mepae1377bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2010.196","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Targeting cancer stem cells by inhibiting Wnt, Notch, and Hedgehog pathways","volume":"8","author":"Takebe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"mepae1377bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e199","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2011.86","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Metformin inhibits melanoma development through autophagy and apoptosis mechanisms","volume":"2","author":"Tomic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"mepae1377bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12020144","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Machine learning- and deep learning-based myoelectric control system for upper limb rehabilitation utilizing EEG and EMG signals: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Zaim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioengineering"}],"container-title":["Medical Engineering &amp; Physics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1873-4030\/ae1377","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1873-4030\/ae1377\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1873-4030\/ae1377\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1873-4030\/ae1377\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T21:24:12Z","timestamp":1768944252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1873-4030\/ae1377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1873-4030\/ae1377","relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-4533","1873-4030"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1350-4533","type":"print"},{"value":"1873-4030","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Investigating the therapeutic effect of metformin on melanoma cancer stem cells using optical microscopy","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Medical Engineering & Physics","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2025-05-23","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2025-10-09","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2026-01-09","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}