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Fluoresc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    During the manufacture of many bio-pharmaceutical products, it is difficult to monitor process yields in-line with production. This is particularly the case with egg-based influenza vaccine manufacture, where current assay methods, such as the fluorescent focus assay (for live-attenuated virus vaccines), require timescales incompatible with normal production cycles. This is due to the requirement to perform cell culture incubation as part of this assay, which takes several days to complete before a result is obtained. Other, more rapid assay methods, such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, rely on peroxidase-labelled antibodies, which are relatively expensive, and current plate-based fluorescent assays can be difficult to integrate within pharmaceutical production settings. In this paper, we propose a fluorescence-based assay using an optofluidic hollow-core photonic crystal fibre. Exploiting the fibre\u2019s waveguide modes to collect fluorescence, the system can quantitatively and specifically measure influenza concentrations below 10\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>\n                        \n                      <\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:msup>\n                            <mml:mi\/>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mn>6<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:msup>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    particles per ml in under 5 h, using less than 200\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>\n                        \n                      <\/jats:tex-math>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mi>\u03bc<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    l of sample. We propose that, with future improvements, this approach could ultimately be integrated directly into production lines to provide continuous feedback on virus concentration, enabling more effective optimisation of process yield.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2050-6120\/aea51d","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T22:55:42Z","timestamp":1788994542000},"page":"045006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fibre-enhanced fluorescent-based immunosorbent assay"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2878-5501","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen","family":"De Bank","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7224-7595","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew G","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge"},{"name":"Early Cancer Institute, University of Cambridge"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1265-9510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N V","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0219-4593","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Upali R","family":"Goonetilleke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flu-BPD, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Kevin J","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Services, AstraZeneca"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8305-9598","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tijmen G","family":"Euser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"mafaea51dbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-010-9566-x","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Quality by design and process analytical technology for sterile products\u2014where are we now?","volume":"12","author":"Riley","year":"2011","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"mafaea51dbib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.2165\/11206860-000000000-00000","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Live attenuated influenza vaccine (flumist\u00ae; 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