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Fluoresc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Understanding mass transfer in aquatic biological systems requires simultaneous measurements of velocity fields and transported scalar fields. Such scalar fields, including spatial distributions of dissolved oxygen concentration, can be measured using luminescent sensor particles that also function as flow tracers, but their performance is affected by particle size and dispersity. Reproducible preparation of monodisperse sensor particles is essential for reliable sensing and velocimetry. Here, we systematically optimized flash nanoprecipitation to prepare oxygen-sensitive nanosensors based on poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (PSMA). Dynamic light scattering identified polymer concentration as the primary determinant of particle size, with additional tunability provided by nonionic surfactants. Below the critical overlap concentration, increasing Reynolds number generally reduced particle size with lower dispersity. By varying preparation conditions, monodisperse nanosensors with tunable hydrodynamic diameters of approximately 120\u2013410 nm (polydispersity index, PDI &lt; 0.1) were reproducibly obtained. In contrast, polymer concentrations above the critical overlap concentration produced polydisperse particles with mean hydrodynamic diameters exceeding 800 nm. Frame-straddling lifetime imaging showed an approximately linear Stern\u2013Volmer response from anoxia to air saturation, with nonlinear behavior occurring only under supersaturated conditions. The nanosensors were successfully applied within the sensPIV framework, enabling simultaneous mapping of oxygen distributions and velocity fields around a living coral. Estimated hydrodynamic relaxation times indicated negligible inertial lag across the investigated particle-size range, whereas estimated oxygen equilibration times of approximately 0.04\u20134 ms suggested that finite sensor response may limit the resolution of the smallest scalar structures. These results establish flash nanoprecipitation as a reproducible and highly controllable route for preparing monodisperse polymeric nanosensors with tunable particle sizes for simultaneous scalar and velocity measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2050-6120\/aeac9c","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T22:52:41Z","timestamp":1790376761000},"page":"045009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Flash nanoprecipitation of monodisperse luminescent nanosensors for simultaneous oxygen and flow imaging"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8984-5832","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"Wind-Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4107-0326","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mathilde","family":"Godefroid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3233-8183","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrei","family":"Kalinichev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University"},{"name":"Aarhus University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8988-2032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Behrendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uppsala University"},{"name":"Technical University of Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0897-0784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soeren","family":"Ahmerkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnem\u00fcnde (IOW)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7537-3114","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Klaus","family":"Koren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"mafaeac9cbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmeth.2022.100216","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Simultaneous visualization of flow fields and oxygen concentrations to unravel transport and metabolic processes in biological systems","volume":"2","author":"Ahmerkamp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep. 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