{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:32:42Z","timestamp":1791203562589,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689120000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01AR081062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR081062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["2D Mater."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n Ti3<\/jats:sub>C2<\/jats:sub>T\n x<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic> MXene is emerging as the enabling material in a broad range of wearable and implantable medical technologies, thanks to its outstanding electrical, electrochemical, and optoelectronic properties, and its compatibility with high-throughput solution-based processing. While the prevalence of Ti3<\/jats:sub>C2<\/jats:sub>T\n x<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic> MXene in biomedical research, and in particular bioelectronics, has steadily increased, the long-term stability and degradation of Ti3<\/jats:sub>C2<\/jats:sub>T\n x<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic> MXene films have not yet been thoroughly investigated, limiting its use for chronic applications. Here, we investigate the stability of Ti3<\/jats:sub>C2<\/jats:sub>T\n x<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic> films and electrodes under environmental conditions that are relevant to medical and bioelectronic technologies: storage in ambient atmosphere (shelf-life), submersion in saline (akin to the in vivo<\/jats:italic> environment), and storage in a desiccator (low-humidity). Furthermore, to evaluate the effect of the MXene deposition method and thickness on the film stability in the different conditions, we compare thin (25 nm), and thick (1.0 \u03bc<\/jats:italic>m) films and electrodes fabricated via spray-coating and blade-coating. Our findings indicate that film processing method and thickness play a significant role in determining the long-term performance of Ti3<\/jats:sub>C2<\/jats:sub>T\n x<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic> films and electrodes, with highly aligned, thick films from blade coating remarkably retaining their conductivity, electrochemical impedance, and morphological integrity even after 30 d in saline. Our extensive spectroscopic analysis reveals that the degradation of Ti3<\/jats:sub>C2<\/jats:sub>T\n x<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic> films in high-humidity environments is primarily driven by moisture intercalation, ingress, and film delamination, with evidence of only minimal to moderate oxidation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/ace26c","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T18:23:21Z","timestamp":1687976601000},"page":"044001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Effect of the deposition process on the stability of Ti3<\/sub>C2<\/sub>T\n x<\/sub>\n <\/i> MXene films for bioelectronics"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9281-5036","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sneha","family":"Shankar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan B","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8364-460X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicolette","family":"Driscoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Shekhirev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geetha","family":"Valurouthu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kateryna","family":"Shevchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Anayee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Cimino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9423-4032","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yury","family":"Gogotsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8644-550X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Flavia","family":"Vitale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"tdmace26cbib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4248","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201102306","type":"journal-article","article-title":"Two-dimensional nanocrystals produced by exfoliation of Ti3AlC2","volume":"23","author":"Naguib","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. 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