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Res. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramics, viewed as the first-line therapeutic materials in clinical practice, are still confronted with challenges such as undesirable biocompatibility and bioactivity given their structural and chemical deficiency. In this study, we designed a novel microporous \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \n CO<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 3<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n \n 2<\/mml:mn>\n \u2212<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>-containing BCP ceramic from Salmo salar<\/jats:italic> bone in a CO2<\/jats:sub> atmosphere via two-step high-temperature sintering, and its physicochemical properties and biocompatibility were explored. A without \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \n CO<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 3<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n \n 2<\/mml:mn>\n \u2212<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>- BCP bioceramic material prepared in a single gas atmosphere was used as a comparison. The two scaffolds were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) , measured the size of its porosity and specific surface area by an instrument and in vitro<\/jats:italic> cell experiment was used to test its biocompatibility. Such synthetic strategy endowed the BCP products with increased \u03b2<\/jats:italic>-tricalcium phosphate (\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-TCP) percentage from 37.18wt% to 45.3wt% (compared to BCP without \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \n CO<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 3<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n \n 2<\/mml:mn>\n \u2212<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>), with the \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \n CO<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 3<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n \n 2<\/mml:mn>\n \u2212<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula> content calculated to be 1.98wt%, which is close to that in human bone tissue. The amount of \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \n CO<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 3<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n \n 2<\/mml:mn>\n \u2212<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula> incorporation, the a-axes of the lattice parameters have decreased significantly from 9.4845 nm to 9.2942 nm by Rietveld structure refinement. Especially, the novel \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \n CO<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 3<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n \n 2<\/mml:mn>\n \u2212<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula> containing BCP exhibits a lower degree of crystallinity than that without CO32-<\/jats:sup>. In addition, the natural microporosity remarkably increased from 49.6% for BCP without \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \n CO<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 3<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n \n 2<\/mml:mn>\n \u2212<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula> to 64.06% for \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \n CO<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 3<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n \n 2<\/mml:mn>\n \u2212<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>-containing BCP, and the specific surface area increased from 5.829 m2<\/jats:sup>g\u22121<\/jats:sup> to 17.161 m2<\/jats:sup>g\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Besides, two materials were non-toxic to human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs), and the \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \n CO<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 3<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n \n 2<\/mml:mn>\n \u2212<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula> -containing BCP had more factor expression in the early stage of osteogenesis induction, such as Runx2 and Smad 4. Overall, microporous \n \n\n<\/jats:tex-math>\n \n \n \n \n CO<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 3<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msub>\n \n 2<\/mml:mn>\n \u2212<\/mml:mo>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msup>\n <\/mml:math>\n \n <\/jats:inline-formula>-containing BCP were prepared via a simple preparation method from natural bone, combining the structural and chemical preponderance, as well as in vitro<\/jats:italic> performance it should be considered as a promising biomaterial for further explorations in the fields of bone graft materials from natural bone to satisfy versatile clinical requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/ab6f3e","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,23]],"date-time":"2020-01-23T22:30:47Z","timestamp":1579818647000},"page":"025401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Design and construction of a microporous \n\t \n\n\n\t \n\n\n\nCO\n\n\n3\n\n\n\n2\n\u2212\n\n\n\n\t \n\t -containing HA\/\u03b2-TCP biphasic ceramic as a novel bone graft material"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Wenxue","family":"Dou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingfeng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danyu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenhai","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9250-4297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaohai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weizhong","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"mrxab6f3ebib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1256","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2529","article-title":"Functionalization of porous BCP scaffold by generating cell-derived extracellular matrix from rat bone marrow stem cells culture for bone tissue engineering","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Tissue Eng Regen M."},{"key":"mrxab6f3ebib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.03.296","article-title":"Incorporation of BMP-2 loaded collagen conjugated BCP granules in calcium phosphate cement based injectable bone substitutes for improved bone regeneration","volume":"77","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C"},{"key":"mrxab6f3ebib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700331","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201700331","article-title":"Biological activity of an injectable biphasic calcium phosphate\/PMMA bone cement for induced osteogensis in rabbit model","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Macromol. 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Published by IOP Publishing Ltd","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2019-12-16","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2020-01-23","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2020-02-04","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}