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Phys. Eng. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Objective.<\/jats:italic> We present a novel concept to treat ophthalmic tumors which combines brachytherapy and low-energy x-ray therapy. Brachytherapy with <jats:sup>106<\/jats:sup>Ru applicators is inadequate for intraocular tumors with a height of 7 mm or more. This results from a steep dose gradient, and it is unfeasible to deliver the required dose at the tumor apex without exceeding the maximum tolerable sclera dose of usually 1000 Gy to 1500 Gy. Other modalities, such as irradiation with charged particles, may be individually contraindicated. A dose boost at the apex provided by a superficial x-ray therapy unit, performed simultaneously with the brachytherapy, results in a more homogeneous dose profile than brachytherapy alone. This avoids damage to organs at risk. The applicator may also serve as a beam stop for x-rays passing through the target volume, which reduces healthy tissue dosage. This study aims to investigate the suitability of the applicator to serve as a beam stop for the x-rays. <jats:italic>Approach.<\/jats:italic> A phantom with three detector types comprising a soft x-ray ionization chamber, radiochromic films, and a self-made scintillation detector was constructed to perform dosimetry. Measurements were performed using a conventional x-ray unit for superficial therapy to investigate the uncertainties of the phantom and the ability of the applicator to absorb x-rays. The manufacturer provided a dummy plaque to obtain x-ray dose profiles without noise from <jats:sup>106<\/jats:sup>Ru decays. <jats:italic>Results.<\/jats:italic> The phantom is generally feasible to obtain dose profiles with three different detector types. The interaction of x-rays with the silver of the applicator leads to an increased dose rate in front of the applicator. The dose rate of the x-rays is reduced by up to 90% behind a <jats:sup>106<\/jats:sup>Ru applicator. Therefore, a <jats:sup>106<\/jats:sup>Ru applicator can be used as a beam stop in combined x-ray and brachytherapy treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ad3bbb","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T22:21:05Z","timestamp":1712614865000},"page":"045056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Measurements regarding a combined therapy concept for ophthalmic tumors consisting of brachytherapy and x-rays"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2542-438X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"H","family":"Manke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Fluehs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7241-5887","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M","family":"Stroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N E","family":"Bechrakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A M H","family":"Foerster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Albrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"year":"2023a","author":"Ashland\u2014Ashland Inc.","key":"bpexad3bbbbib1"},{"year":"2023b","author":"Ashland\u2014Ashland Inc.","key":"bpexad3bbbbib2"},{"key":"bpexad3bbbbib3","article-title":"Table of radionuclides","volume":"vol 8","author":"B\u00e9","year":"2016"},{"year":"2023","author":"BEBIG Medical\u2014BEBIG Medical GmbH","key":"bpexad3bbbbib4"},{"year":"2013","author":"BEBIG","key":"bpexad3bbbbib5"},{"key":"bpexad3bbbbib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-018-4032-7","article-title":"Neoadjuvant proton beam irradiation vs. adjuvant ruthenium brachytherapy in transscleral resection of uveal melanoma","volume":"256","author":"B\u00f6ker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"},{"key":"bpexad3bbbbib7","first-page":"2526","article-title":"Perspektiven der ophthalmoonkologie","volume":"101","author":"Bornfeld","year":"2004","journal-title":"Deutsches \u00c4rzteblatt"},{"key":"bpexad3bbbbib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3121488","article-title":"On the characterization and uncertainty analysis of radiochromic film dosimetry","volume":"36","author":"Bouchard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. 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