{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T21:10:13Z","timestamp":1773177013681,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/page\/copyright"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715126400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. New applications of 3D printing have recently appeared in the fields of radiotherapy and radiology, but the knowledge of many radiological characteristics of the compounds involved is still limited. Therefore, studies are needed to improve our understanding about the transport and interaction of ionizing radiation in these materials. <jats:italic>Purpose<\/jats:italic>. The purpose of this study is to perform an analysis of the most important radiation interaction parameters in thermoplastic materials used in Fused Deposition Modeling 3D printing. Additionally, we propose improvements to bring their characteristics closer to those of water and use them as water substitutes in applications such as radiodiagnosis, external radiotherapy, and brachytherapy. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. We have calculated different magnitudes as mass linear attenuation, mass energy absorption coefficients, as well as stopping power and electronic density of several thermoplastic materials along with various compounds that have been used as water substitutes and in a new proposed blend. To perform these computations, we have used the XCOM and ESTAR databases from NIST and the EGSnrc code for Montecarlo simulations. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. From the representation of the calculated interaction parameters, we have been able to establish relationships between their properties and the proportion of certain chemical elements. In addition, studying these same characteristics in different commercial solutions used as substitutes for water phantoms allows us to extrapolate improvements for these polymers. <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. The radiological characteristics of the analyzed thermoplastic materials can be improved by adding some chemical elements with atomic numbers higher than oxygen and by using polyethylene in new blends.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/ad43ee","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T22:20:43Z","timestamp":1714170043000},"page":"045009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Thermoplastic polymers as water substitutes"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9690-3549","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luis \u00c1ngel","family":"Qui\u00f1ones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Seguro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Castanedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Vicent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Amparo","family":"Iborra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bpexad43eebib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1533033819870208","article-title":"A Systematic Review on 3D-Printed Imaging and Dosimetry Phantoms in Radiation Therapy","volume":"1","author":"Tino","year":"2019 Jan","journal-title":"Technol Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"bpexad43eebib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2017.10.005","article-title":"Three-dimensional printer-generated patient-specific phantom for artificial in vivo dosimetry in radiotherapy quality assurance","volume":"44","author":"Kamomae","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physica Med."},{"key":"bpexad43eebib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1120\/jacmp.v16i3.5247","article-title":"Use of 3D printers to create a patient-specific 3D bolus for external beam therapy","volume":"16","author":"Burleson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"},{"key":"bpexad43eebib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-9023-3_92","article-title":"Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) phantom fabrication using fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technique","author":"Bustillo","year":"2019"},{"key":"bpexad43eebib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brachy.2022.10.011","article-title":"Study of dose dependence on density in planar 3D-printed applicators for HDR Ir192 surface","volume":"22","author":"Bienvenido","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brachy Therapy."},{"key":"bpexad43eebib6","first-page":"227","article-title":"Absorbed dose determination in external beam radiotherapy: an international code of practice for dosimetry based on standards of absorbed dose to water","volume":"398","author":"International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)","year":"2000"},{"key":"bpexad43eebib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1118\/1.598691","article-title":"AAPM\u2019s TG-51 protocol for clinical reference dosimetry of high energy photon and electron beams","volume":"26","author":"Almond","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med. 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All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2024-01-10","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-04-26","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2024-05-08","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}