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It aims to structure pathways for advancing clinical applications by exploring AI techniques like machine learning and deep learning, particularly in disease detection, progression prediction, and personalized treatment planning. Additionally, the integration of explainable AI is discussed, emphasizing its importance in clinical settings to improve transparency and trust in AI-based systems. The review addresses the need to bridge existing gaps in focused studies on AI\u2019s role in IRDs, offering a structured analysis of current AI techniques and outlining future research directions. 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